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Biology 2 > Chapter 29 - Resource Acquisition, nutrition, and transport in Vascular plants > Flashcards

Chapter 29 - Resource Acquisition, nutrition, and transport in Vascular plants Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four adaptations for shoot systems?

A
  1. stem length & branching patterns
  2. broad leaves
  3. leaf morphology and arrangement
  4. leaf orientation
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2
Q

List the characteristics of Stem Length and Branching pattens

A
  1. taller and highly branched plants intercept more light
  2. require thick stems and extensive vascularization
  3. often a trade off between height and branching
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3
Q

List the characteristics of broad leaves with open stoma

A
  1. the open stoma intercepts light and brings in CO2
  2. its a trade off between high surface area & water loss
    its regulated by guard cells
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4
Q

what are guard cells?

A

dermal tissue that surrounds the stomata and regulates the opening and closing of it.

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5
Q

List the characteristics of Leaf Morphology & arrangement on the stem.

A
  1. often optimized to reduce shading
  2. offset leaf arrangements (holes, zig zag)
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6
Q

What are the 3 leaf orientations?

A
  1. horizontal
  2. vertical
  3. heliotropism & phototropism
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7
Q

What is horizontal leaf orientation?

A

maximize light interception when light is limiting

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8
Q

What is vertical leaf orientation?

A

reduces light interception, avoiding overexposure

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9
Q

What is heliotropism & phototropism orientation and give an example.

A

movement or growth of plant in response to life
ex: sunflower

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10
Q

What are the 3 adaptions for root systems?

A
  1. real time alternation of roots structure
  2. reduce less competition within root systems
  3. mutualistic relationships
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11
Q

List the characteristics of real time alternation of root structure & physiology.

A
  1. avoids poor nutrient soil (root will just move past a pocket that has it)
  2. takes advantage of mineral/water pockets ( will send out lateral roots)
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12
Q

List the characteristics of reduced competition

A
  1. less vigorous growth in presence of self (it knows when it needs to compete vs relax if it senses itself
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13
Q

List the characteristics of mutualistic relationships.

A

Mycorrhizal relationship between plants and fungi

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14
Q

What are the two major compartments in plant tissues?

A
  1. apoplast
  2. symplast
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15
Q

What is apoplast?

A

everything exterior to plasma membrane (dead tissues & xylem)

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16
Q

What is symplast?

A

Complete cytosol & plasmodesmata (a channel through cell walls)

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17
Q

What kind of distance is apoplast and symplasat?

A

short distance movement across cells

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18
Q

How many ways of transport are there in short distance?

A

3

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19
Q

Apoplastic route is when

A

-the movement of H20 & solutes along continuum of cell and walls intercellular (dead hollow cells)
- No plasma membrane is crossed

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20
Q

Symplastic route is when

A
  • the movement of H20 & solutes along cytosol continuum
  • 1 plasma membrane crossed
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21
Q

Transmembrane route is when

A

a combination of apoplastic and symplastic route. in and out of the cell wall and plasma membrane

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22
Q

What are the two ways that solutes are moved across plasma membranes?

A
  1. co-transporation via H gradient
  2. Ion channels
23
Q

Water potential moves how?

A

from HIGH to LOW

24
Q

What is water potential?

A

predicts the direction of water movement while taking into account solute concentration and physical pressure

25
Water potential of pure water in an open container at sea level =
O MPa
26
List characteristics of Solute Potential
- always negative unless pure H2O - solutes bind water - fewer free water molecules - reduced capacity for water to move
27
List characteristics of Pressure Potential
- can be positive or negative - physical pressure on a soln - pressure in living cells usually positive - turgor pressure!
28
What kind of distance is bulk flow?
long
29
What is bulk flow?
-transport of liquid in plants as a function of pressure gradient - occurs from high pressure to low pressure - independent of solute concentration
30
Where in a trees does bulk flow happen?
vascular tissues tracheid + vessel elements of xylem sieve-tube elements of phloem
31
Where do lateral roots grow out of ?
pericycle
32
Soil solution in root cortex must enter ___ to be transported to rest of plant
xylem (stele)
33
What is endodermis?
innermost layer of cortex. Last "checkpoint" before entering stele
34
What is the casparian strip?
waxy, water impermeable strip coating the endoderm that blocks passive flow of soil solution - stop block for all soil solution
35
what is soil solution?
H2O molecules & free dissolved mineral ions
36
What are the 3 ways guards cells are triggered?
1. Light 2. CO2 depletion 3. internal clock
37
List the Light characteristics of guard cells
1. open stoma 2. diffusion of water into guard cell 3. stimulates K+ uptake 4. strikes blue-light receptors in plasma membrane
38
List the characteristics of CO2 depletion in guard cells
1. photosynthesis consumes CO2 during day 2. stoma can open if there is sufficient water
39
List the characteristics of Internal clock in guard cells
1. ensures stoma open day to day 2. circadian rhythm (24 hour cycles)
40
____ triggers guard cells to close when water is low
Abscisic
41
Transpiration (and thus water loss) is high in _, _, and _ conditions
hot dry windy
42
Stomata are key in what ?
1. gas exchange 2. photosynthesis but major pathways for water loss
43
What is stomatal density controlled by ?
genetics and enviroment
44
What conditions are ample for higher stomatal density?
High light..higher temps so stomas are open for water vapor low CO2 (more opportunities for CO2 to enter)
45
What can you do to improve soil for plants?
1. alter soil texturing by adding soil amendments (sand, clay, moss) 2. adding N-P-K fertilizers (commerical or organic (fish guts) 3. adjusting soil pH
46
What is sugar translocation?
the transport of photosynthates from sources to sinks and occurs in phloem
47
Phloem Sap
high sucrose liquid that travels
48
What are some sugar sources?
net Producers of sugar (mature leaves and storage roots)
49
What are some sugar sinks?
net Consumers of sugar (growing storage roots, fruits, leaves)
50
What is active transport?
needs to move sucrose against its concentration gradient from mesophyll cells to phloem
51
Give an example of positive and negative pressure
positive - syringe (away from you) negative - sucking (towards you)
52
Positive pressure drives ___
bulk flow of phloem sap higher pressure at source lower pressure at sink
53
Bulk flow in xylem is driven by ___
negative pressure
54
Bulk flow in phloem is driven by ___
positive pressure

Biology 2 (16 decks)

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