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Biology 2 > Chapter 29 - Resource Acquisition, nutrition, and transport in Vascular plants > Flashcards

Chapter 29 - Resource Acquisition, nutrition, and transport in Vascular plants Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four adaptations for shoot systems?

A
  1. stem length & branching patterns
  2. broad leaves
  3. leaf morphology and arrangement
  4. leaf orientation
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2
Q

List the characteristics of Stem Length and Branching pattens

A
  1. taller and highly branched plants intercept more light
  2. require thick stems and extensive vascularization
  3. often a trade off between height and branching
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3
Q

List the characteristics of broad leaves with open stoma

A
  1. the open stoma intercepts light and brings in CO2
  2. its a trade off between high surface area & water loss
    its regulated by guard cells
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4
Q

what are guard cells?

A

dermal tissue that surrounds the stomata and regulates the opening and closing of it.

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5
Q

List the characteristics of Leaf Morphology & arrangement on the stem.

A
  1. often optimized to reduce shading
  2. offset leaf arrangements (holes, zig zag)
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6
Q

What are the 3 leaf orientations?

A
  1. horizontal
  2. vertical
  3. heliotropism & phototropism
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7
Q

What is horizontal leaf orientation?

A

maximize light interception when light is limiting

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8
Q

What is vertical leaf orientation?

A

reduces light interception, avoiding overexposure

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9
Q

What is heliotropism & phototropism orientation and give an example.

A

movement or growth of plant in response to life
ex: sunflower

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10
Q

What are the 3 adaptions for root systems?

A
  1. real time alternation of roots structure
  2. reduce less competition within root systems
  3. mutualistic relationships
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11
Q

List the characteristics of real time alternation of root structure & physiology.

A
  1. avoids poor nutrient soil (root will just move past a pocket that has it)
  2. takes advantage of mineral/water pockets ( will send out lateral roots)
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12
Q

List the characteristics of reduced competition

A
  1. less vigorous growth in presence of self (it knows when it needs to compete vs relax if it senses itself
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13
Q

List the characteristics of mutualistic relationships.

A

Mycorrhizal relationship between plants and fungi

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14
Q

What are the two major compartments in plant tissues?

A
  1. apoplast
  2. symplast
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15
Q

What is apoplast?

A

everything exterior to plasma membrane (dead tissues & xylem)

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16
Q

What is symplast?

A

Complete cytosol & plasmodesmata (a channel through cell walls)

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17
Q

What kind of distance is apoplast and symplasat?

A

short distance movement across cells

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18
Q

How many ways of transport are there in short distance?

A

3

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19
Q

Apoplastic route is when

A

-the movement of H20 & solutes along continuum of cell and walls intercellular (dead hollow cells)
- No plasma membrane is crossed

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20
Q

Symplastic route is when

A
  • the movement of H20 & solutes along cytosol continuum
  • 1 plasma membrane crossed
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21
Q

Transmembrane route is when

A

a combination of apoplastic and symplastic route. in and out of the cell wall and plasma membrane

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22
Q

What are the two ways that solutes are moved across plasma membranes?

A
  1. co-transporation via H gradient
  2. Ion channels
23
Q

Water potential moves how?

A

from HIGH to LOW

24
Q

What is water potential?

A

predicts the direction of water movement while taking into account solute concentration and physical pressure

25
Q

Water potential of pure water in an open container at sea level =

A

O MPa

26
Q

List characteristics of Solute Potential

A
  • always negative unless pure H2O
  • solutes bind water
  • fewer free water molecules
  • reduced capacity for water to move
27
Q

List characteristics of Pressure Potential

A
  • can be positive or negative
  • physical pressure on a soln
  • pressure in living cells usually positive
  • turgor pressure!
28
Q

What kind of distance is bulk flow?

A

long

29
Q

What is bulk flow?

A

-transport of liquid in plants as a function of pressure gradient
- occurs from high pressure to low pressure
- independent of solute concentration

30
Q

Where in a trees does bulk flow happen?

A

vascular tissues
tracheid + vessel elements of xylem
sieve-tube elements of phloem

31
Q

Where do lateral roots grow out of ?

A

pericycle

32
Q

Soil solution in root cortex must enter ___ to be transported to rest of plant

A

xylem (stele)

33
Q

What is endodermis?

A

innermost layer of cortex. Last “checkpoint” before entering stele

34
Q

What is the casparian strip?

A

waxy, water impermeable strip coating the endoderm that blocks passive flow of soil solution
- stop block for all soil solution

35
Q

what is soil solution?

A

H2O molecules & free dissolved mineral ions

36
Q

What are the 3 ways guards cells are triggered?

A
  1. Light
  2. CO2 depletion
  3. internal clock
37
Q

List the Light characteristics of guard cells

A
  1. open stoma
  2. diffusion of water into guard cell
  3. stimulates K+ uptake
  4. strikes blue-light receptors in plasma membrane
38
Q

List the characteristics of CO2 depletion in guard cells

A
  1. photosynthesis consumes CO2 during day
  2. stoma can open if there is sufficient water
39
Q

List the characteristics of Internal clock in guard cells

A
  1. ensures stoma open day to day
  2. circadian rhythm (24 hour cycles)
40
Q

____ triggers guard cells to close when water is low

A

Abscisic

41
Q

Transpiration (and thus water loss) is high in _, _, and _ conditions

A

hot
dry
windy

42
Q

Stomata are key in what ?

A
  1. gas exchange
  2. photosynthesis
    but major pathways for water loss
43
Q

What is stomatal density controlled by ?

A

genetics and enviroment

44
Q

What conditions are ample for higher stomatal density?

A

High light..higher temps so stomas are open for water vapor
low CO2 (more opportunities for CO2 to enter)

45
Q

What can you do to improve soil for plants?

A
  1. alter soil texturing by adding soil amendments (sand, clay, moss)
  2. adding N-P-K fertilizers (commerical or organic (fish guts)
  3. adjusting soil pH
46
Q

What is sugar translocation?

A

the transport of photosynthates from sources to sinks and occurs in phloem

47
Q

Phloem Sap

A

high sucrose liquid that travels

48
Q

What are some sugar sources?

A

net Producers of sugar (mature leaves and storage roots)

49
Q

What are some sugar sinks?

A

net Consumers of sugar (growing storage roots, fruits, leaves)

50
Q

What is active transport?

A

needs to move sucrose against its concentration gradient from mesophyll cells to phloem

51
Q

Give an example of positive and negative pressure

A

positive - syringe (away from you)
negative - sucking (towards you)

52
Q

Positive pressure drives ___

A

bulk flow of phloem sap
higher pressure at source
lower pressure at sink

53
Q

Bulk flow in xylem is driven by ___

A

negative pressure

54
Q

Bulk flow in phloem is driven by ___

A

positive pressure

Biology 2 (10 decks)

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