Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 2 > Chapter 34 - Circulation & Gas exchange > Flashcards

Chapter 34 - Circulation & Gas exchange Flashcards

Part 3 + 4

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is connective tissue made up of?

A

mostly cells suspended in a liquid matrix (plasma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

it connects to all cells indirectly via tiny, porous blood vessels (capillaries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Connective tissue is a function in what type of system?

A

a closed circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a closed circulatory system and what 4 things does is transport?

A

blood that is a vehicle for long distance bulk transport of
1. nutrients
2. biochemically important molecules
3. hemocytes
4. cell waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are biochemically important molecules?

A
  1. enzymes
  2. hormones
  3. anti-freeze agents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are hemocytes?

A

red and white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are cell waste products?

A
  1. ammonia
  2. urea
  3. uric acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

specialized hemocytes for transporting O2, some CO2, and is found in all vertebrates, and some invertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How are red blood cells different in mammals vs non mammals?

A

mammals = no nucleus and small
non mammals = nucleus and large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define Mammalian red blood cells

A
  1. tiny
  2. no nucleus
  3. no organelles
  4. bi-concave shape
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why are mammalian red blood cells bi-concaved shape?

A

the shape that helps maximizes surface area for gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define non mammalian red blood cells

A
  1. large
  2. have a nucleus
  3. have organelles
  4. round/oval shape
  5. less efficient at gas exchange but live longer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How long do human red blood cells last?

A

90 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Blood =

A

connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What exactly is hemolymph?

A

a plasma mixture that fills body cavity/hemocoel cavity of some animals but is not contained within a circulatory system - instead fluid bathes all cells directly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Open circulatory system =
Closed circulatory system =

A

Hemolymph
Blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In an open circulatory system, hemolymph is a vehicle for bulk transport of what?

A
  1. nutrients
  2. biochemically important molecules
  3. hemocytes but no cells for carrying respiratory gases … no RBCS
  4. Cell waste products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Both closed and open system transport the same 4 things but what is the one difference between them?

A

Open system - the hemocytes are immune cells like white blood cells but there is NO cells for carrying respiratory gases (red blood cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does hemolymph work in an open circulatory system?

A
  • pumped via multiple hearts in a series through a dorsal blood vessel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are sinuses? (2nd step of the open system)

A
  • an opening
  • the dorsal blood vessel empties into the body cavity or hemocoel via openings called sinuses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the heart openings called?

A

Ostia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why is fluid called hemolymph?

A

because its blood that is mixed with interstitial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why is harder to breathe in oxygen in water compared to air?

A
  1. there is 30x less oxygen dissolved in water than in air
  2. water is way more viscous meaning its harder to move and force through small breathing tubes
24
Q

Give an example that relates to why breathing in oxygen in water is harder than in air.

A

running on land vs running in water

25
Q

Water breathers must___

A

expand more energy carrying out gas exchange and be very efficient at oxygen extraction (80%) compared to air breathers (25-40%).

26
Q

What are the two criteria to move gases effectively?

A
  1. moist
  2. large and thin
27
Q

Describe moist in reference to moving gas effectively

A

since exchanges happen at the level of the cell membrane,
the cell membrane must always be in an aqueous solution

28
Q

Describe large and thin in reference to moving gas effectively

A

since exchange relies on diffusion - the shorter the distance and more surface area = more surfaces gas can move and more diffusion

29
Q

Most animals need what to serve gas exchange?

A

specialized respiratory organs such as gills, tracheae, or lungs

30
Q

In some animals, what organ serves as another form of gas exchange?

A

the skin
- earthworms (annelids) and some amphibians like frogs

31
Q

Define out-folding’s

A
  1. out-foldings of the body surface that are suspended in water
  2. can be external (external gills)
  3. or located inside a protected cavity (internal gills)
32
Q

Large animals need to ___

A

Ventilate which is actively moving water across their gills

33
Q

What is countercurrent exchange?

A
  1. maximizes oxygen extraction efficiency
  2. capillaries that are arranged relative to water flow such that there is always a gradient that favors the movement of O2 into the blood.
34
Q

In air, respiratory surfaces are ___

A

in foldings within the animal

35
Q

What is the most common in folding for insects?

A

tracheal system

36
Q

what is an tracheal system?

A

a branched network of tubes that open to the outside, bring air to mitochondria of every body cell.

37
Q

Why don’t insects have red blood cells again?

A

because the air is going directly to the cells

38
Q

What are the two infoldings for respiratory systems?

A
  1. tracheal systems
  2. lungs
39
Q

List the 2 characteristics of lungs

A
  1. localized organ (like gills as well)
  2. must be bridged to all body cells via a closed circulatory system
40
Q

What is cutaneous respiration and list some of the animals who can do this

A
  • gas exchange through the skin
  • amphibians such as axolotl, hairy frog, lake titacaca frog
41
Q

Define surface area for cutaneous respiration

A

the surface area is greatly increased by feathery gill filaments, hair like projects of the skin, or highly folded skin

42
Q

How does it work (in reference to cutaneous respiration/surface area)?

A

the surface area is highly vascularized with subcutaneous capillaries to reduce distance with incoming air and the circulatory system

43
Q

What does a mammalian respiratory system look like?

A

its an extensively branched tube system in the thoracic cavity that looks like an upside down tree

44
Q

What are the two tracts in mammalian respiratory system?

A
  1. upper
  2. lower
45
Q

Describe the upper respiratory tract in mammals

A
  1. the conducting zone
  2. no gas exchange
  3. bulk transport, humidification, warming of air
  4. filtration of mucus, dust, pollen, pathogens
46
Q

Describe the lower respiratory tract in mammals

A
  1. the respiratory zone
  2. contain alveoli - gas exchange surfaces
47
Q

Define alveoli

A
  • a gas exchange surface
  • the end of the respiratory system that actually meets the circulatory system
    -thin walled membranous sacs - bunch of grapes
  • wrapped with extensive capillary network covering 80-90% of the surface
  • thin as possible but still maintaining structural integrity
48
Q

What are the two main breathing mechanics and there sub parts?

A
  1. Active - negative, positive, fanning
  2. Passive
49
Q

What is Negative pressure in active ventilation?

A

is the contraction of breathing muscles increases volume of air spaces, creating a vacuum that draws air in
sucking air in

50
Q

Who does negative pressure?

A

Mammals (humans!)
non-avian reptiles
insects

51
Q

What is positive pressure in active ventilation?

A
  • swallowing air/water in
  • contraction of breathing muscles that pushes air into spaces or water across gills, forcing them to expand - like blowing up a balloon
52
Q

Who does positive pressure?

A

amphibians
fishes (bony & cartilaginous)

53
Q

What is water fanning in active ventilation?

A
  • moving the gills through water rather than bringing the water to the gills
54
Q

Who does water fanning?

A
  • axolotl, marine polychaeta worms
55
Q

What is passive ventilation?

A
  • slow-moving or sedentary, small bodied animals with a simple body plan
  • allowing the medium to move across the respiratory surface is sufficient
  • does not use ATP
56
Q

List examples of animals who use passive ventilation

A

many aquatic animals such as echinoderms (sea stars), cnidarians (jellies, coral), and sponges (poriferans)

Biology 2 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions