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Biology 2 > Chapter 34 - Circulation & Gas exchange > Flashcards

Chapter 34 - Circulation & Gas exchange Flashcards

Part 3 + 4

1
Q

What is connective tissue made up of?

A

mostly cells suspended in a liquid matrix (plasma)

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2
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

it connects to all cells indirectly via tiny, porous blood vessels (capillaries)

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3
Q

Connective tissue is a function in what type of system?

A

a closed circulatory system

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4
Q

What is a closed circulatory system and what 4 things does is transport?

A

blood that is a vehicle for long distance bulk transport of
1. nutrients
2. biochemically important molecules
3. hemocytes
4. cell waste products

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5
Q

What are biochemically important molecules?

A
  1. enzymes
  2. hormones
  3. anti-freeze agents
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6
Q

What are hemocytes?

A

red and white blood cells

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7
Q

What are cell waste products?

A
  1. ammonia
  2. urea
  3. uric acid
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8
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

specialized hemocytes for transporting O2, some CO2, and is found in all vertebrates, and some invertebrates

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9
Q

How are red blood cells different in mammals vs non mammals?

A

mammals = no nucleus and small
non mammals = nucleus and large

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10
Q

Define Mammalian red blood cells

A
  1. tiny
  2. no nucleus
  3. no organelles
  4. bi-concave shape
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11
Q

Why are mammalian red blood cells bi-concaved shape?

A

the shape that helps maximizes surface area for gas exchange

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12
Q

Define non mammalian red blood cells

A
  1. large
  2. have a nucleus
  3. have organelles
  4. round/oval shape
  5. less efficient at gas exchange but live longer
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13
Q

How long do human red blood cells last?

A

90 days

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14
Q

Blood =

A

connective tissue

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15
Q

What exactly is hemolymph?

A

a plasma mixture that fills body cavity/hemocoel cavity of some animals but is not contained within a circulatory system - instead fluid bathes all cells directly

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16
Q

Open circulatory system =
Closed circulatory system =

A

Hemolymph
Blood

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17
Q

In an open circulatory system, hemolymph is a vehicle for bulk transport of what?

A
  1. nutrients
  2. biochemically important molecules
  3. hemocytes but no cells for carrying respiratory gases … no RBCS
  4. Cell waste products
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18
Q

Both closed and open system transport the same 4 things but what is the one difference between them?

A

Open system - the hemocytes are immune cells like white blood cells but there is NO cells for carrying respiratory gases (red blood cells)

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19
Q

How does hemolymph work in an open circulatory system?

A
  • pumped via multiple hearts in a series through a dorsal blood vessel
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20
Q

What are sinuses? (2nd step of the open system)

A
  • an opening
  • the dorsal blood vessel empties into the body cavity or hemocoel via openings called sinuses
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21
Q

What are the heart openings called?

A

Ostia

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22
Q

Why is fluid called hemolymph?

A

because its blood that is mixed with interstitial fluid

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23
Q

Why is harder to breathe in oxygen in water compared to air?

A
  1. there is 30x less oxygen dissolved in water than in air
  2. water is way more viscous meaning its harder to move and force through small breathing tubes
24
Q

Give an example that relates to why breathing in oxygen in water is harder than in air.

A

running on land vs running in water

25
Water breathers must___
expand more energy carrying out gas exchange and be very efficient at oxygen extraction (80%) compared to air breathers (25-40%).
26
What are the two criteria to move gases effectively?
1. moist 2. large and thin
27
Describe moist in reference to moving gas effectively
since exchanges happen at the level of the cell membrane, the cell membrane must always be in an aqueous solution
28
Describe large and thin in reference to moving gas effectively
since exchange relies on diffusion - the shorter the distance and more surface area = more surfaces gas can move and more diffusion
29
Most animals need what to serve gas exchange?
specialized respiratory organs such as gills, tracheae, or lungs
30
In some animals, what organ serves as another form of gas exchange?
the skin - earthworms (annelids) and some amphibians like frogs
31
Define out-folding's
1. out-foldings of the body surface that are suspended in water 2. can be external (external gills) 3. or located inside a protected cavity (internal gills)
32
Large animals need to ___
Ventilate which is actively moving water across their gills
33
What is countercurrent exchange?
1. maximizes oxygen extraction efficiency 2. capillaries that are arranged relative to water flow such that there is always a gradient that favors the movement of O2 into the blood.
34
In air, respiratory surfaces are ___
in foldings within the animal
35
What is the most common in folding for insects?
tracheal system
36
what is an tracheal system?
a branched network of tubes that open to the outside, bring air to mitochondria of every body cell.
37
Why don't insects have red blood cells again?
because the air is going directly to the cells
38
What are the two infoldings for respiratory systems?
1. tracheal systems 2. lungs
39
List the 2 characteristics of lungs
1. localized organ (like gills as well) 2. must be bridged to all body cells via a closed circulatory system
40
What is cutaneous respiration and list some of the animals who can do this
- gas exchange through the skin - amphibians such as axolotl, hairy frog, lake titacaca frog
41
Define surface area for cutaneous respiration
the surface area is greatly increased by feathery gill filaments, hair like projects of the skin, or highly folded skin
42
How does it work (in reference to cutaneous respiration/surface area)?
the surface area is highly vascularized with subcutaneous capillaries to reduce distance with incoming air and the circulatory system
43
What does a mammalian respiratory system look like?
its an extensively branched tube system in the thoracic cavity that looks like an upside down tree
44
What are the two tracts in mammalian respiratory system?
1. upper 2. lower
45
Describe the upper respiratory tract in mammals
1. the conducting zone 2. no gas exchange 3. bulk transport, humidification, warming of air 4. filtration of mucus, dust, pollen, pathogens
46
Describe the lower respiratory tract in mammals
1. the respiratory zone 2. contain alveoli - gas exchange surfaces
47
Define alveoli
- a gas exchange surface - the end of the respiratory system that actually meets the circulatory system -thin walled membranous sacs - bunch of grapes - wrapped with extensive capillary network covering 80-90% of the surface - thin as possible but still maintaining structural integrity
48
What are the two main breathing mechanics and there sub parts?
1. Active - negative, positive, fanning 2. Passive
49
What is Negative pressure in active ventilation?
is the contraction of breathing muscles increases volume of air spaces, creating a vacuum that draws air in sucking air in
50
Who does negative pressure?
Mammals (humans!) non-avian reptiles insects
51
What is positive pressure in active ventilation?
- swallowing air/water in - contraction of breathing muscles that pushes air into spaces or water across gills, forcing them to expand - like blowing up a balloon
52
Who does positive pressure?
amphibians fishes (bony & cartilaginous)
53
What is water fanning in active ventilation?
- moving the gills through water rather than bringing the water to the gills
54
Who does water fanning?
- axolotl, marine polychaeta worms
55
What is passive ventilation?
- slow-moving or sedentary, small bodied animals with a simple body plan - allowing the medium to move across the respiratory surface is sufficient - does not use ATP
56
List examples of animals who use passive ventilation
many aquatic animals such as echinoderms (sea stars), cnidarians (jellies, coral), and sponges (poriferans)

Biology 2 (16 decks)

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