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A. Y2 ALS > Parasites > Flashcards

Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Which species of Trypanosoma causes African trypanosomiasis?

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

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2
Q

What is the primary vector for African trypanosomiasis?

A

Tsetse fly

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3
Q

What happens in the second stage of African trypanosomiasis?

A

The parasite crosses the blood-brain barrier

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4
Q

Which parasite causes Chagas disease?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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5
Q

What is the main vector for Chagas disease?

A

Kissing bug

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6
Q

In the chronic phase of Chagas disease, which organ is most affected?

A

Heart

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7
Q

How is Leishmaniasis transmitted?

A

Sandfly bite

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8
Q

Which form of Leishmaniasis is the most severe?

A

Visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar)

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9
Q

Which parasite causes Toxoplasmosis?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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10
Q

Which group is at the highest risk of severe toxoplasmosis complications?

A

Immunocompromised individuals

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11
Q

What is the causative agent of amoebiasis?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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12
Q

What is the most common clinical manifestation of invasive intestinal amoebiasis?

A

Dysentery and colitis

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13
Q

Name a tapeworm in Helminthic parasites?

A

Taenia spp.

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14
Q

Which drug is commonly used for treating Schistosomiasis?

A

Praziquantel

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15
Q

What is the main transmission route for Lymphatic Filariasis?

A

Mosquito bites

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16
Q

Chagas disease is caused by:

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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17
Q

What is the primary vector for Chagas disease?

A

Triatomine bug

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18
Q

Which of the following drugs is used to treat Chagas disease?

A

Benznidazole

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19
Q

Which form of leishmaniasis is the most severe?

A

Visceral (kala-azar)

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20
Q

What is the first-line treatment for leishmaniasis?

A

Pentavalent antimony

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21
Q

Which species of Plasmodium is responsible for most malaria cases?

A

P. falciparum

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22
Q

What is the vector for malaria?

A

Anopheles mosquito

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23
Q

Which drug is commonly used for malaria prophylaxis?

A

Chloroquine

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24
Q

A major risk factor for toxoplasmosis infection is:

A

Contaminated food and cat feces

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25
Q

Which drug is commonly used for treating toxoplasmosis?

A

Pyrimethamine

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26
Q

Which type of helminth causes schistosomiasis?

A

Fluke

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27
Q

The main mode of transmission for lymphatic filariasis is:

A

Mosquito bite

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28
Q

Which organism causes amoebiasis?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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29
Q

What is the primary mode of transmission for Entamoeba histolytica?

A

Contaminated water and food

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30
Q

Which drug is primarily used to treat amoebiasis?

A

Metronidazole

31
Q

Giardiasis is caused by:

A

Giardia lamblia

32
Q

Which is a common symptom of giardiasis?

A

Chronic diarrhea

33
Q

Which drug is the first-line treatment for giardiasis?

A

Metronidazole

34
Q

Taenia solium and Taenia saginata infections are commonly acquired through:

A

Consuming undercooked meat

35
Q

What is the most severe form of Taenia solium infection?

A

Cysticercosis

36
Q

What is the treatment for neurocysticercosis?

A

Praziquantel

37
Q

Which of the following Schistosoma species primarily affects the bladder?

A

Schistosoma haematobium

38
Q

What is the primary transmission route for schistosomiasis?

A

Skin penetration by larvae in contaminated water

39
Q

Which of the following drugs is used to treat schistosomiasis?

A

Praziquantel

40
Q

What is the causative agent of onchocerciasis?

A

Onchocerca volvulus

41
Q

What is the vector for onchocerciasis?

A

Simulium blackfly

42
Q

Which drug is commonly used to treat onchocerciasis?

A

Ivermectin

43
Q

What is the mode of transmission for lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis)?

A

Mosquito bites

44
Q

Dracunculiasis is caused by:

A

Dracunculus medinensis

45
Q

What is the primary mode of transmission for Guinea-worm disease?

A

Drinking contaminated water containing copepods

46
Q

What is the primary method of control for Dracunculus medinensis?

A

Filtering drinking water to remove copepods

47
Q

Scabies is caused by:

A

Sarcoptes scabiei

48
Q

Which symptom is most commonly associated with scabies?

A

Intense itching and skin rash

49
Q

How is scabies primarily transmitted?

A

Direct skin-to-skin contact

50
Q

Which of the following is commonly used to treat scabies?

A

Ivermectin

51
Q

what two drugs are used to treat Chagas disease?

A
  1. Benznidaole
  2. Nifurtimox
52
Q

what are the treatments for leishmaniasis? 3

A
  • Pentavalent antimony (Pentostam, Glucantime)
  • Amphotericin B
  • Miltefosine
53
Q

Leishmaniasis life cycle

A
  1. sandfly takes blood meal
  2. promastigotes phagocytise by macrophages
  3. promastigotes turn into amastigotes
  4. amastigotes multiply
  5. sandfly takes another meal, ingests the parasitised cell
  6. amastigotes turn into promastigote in gut
  7. divide in gut and turn into proboscis
54
Q

what drugs are used for toxoplasmosis? 2

A

Anti-folates:
2. Pyrimethamine
3. Sulfadiazine

55
Q

what causes toxoplasmosis?

A
  • Toxoplasma gondii
56
Q

what is trichomoniasis caused by?

A

trichomonas vaginalis

57
Q

what is trichomoniasis?

A

genital infection, sexually transmitted

58
Q

types of helmith parasites?

A

tapeworms - cestodes
flukes - cestodes
round worms - nematodes

59
Q

what parasites cause tapeworms? 2

A
  • Taenia solium
  • echinococcus granulosus
60
Q

what parasites cause flukes?

A
  • Fasciola hepatica
  • Schistosoma spp
61
Q

what parasites cause round worms? 3

A
  • Ascaris
  • Necator (hookworm)
  • Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)
62
Q

3 most common soil transmitted worms?

A
  • ascaris
  • whipworm
  • hookworm
63
Q

drugs used to treat soil transmitted worms? 2

A
  • Albendazole
  • Mebendazole
64
Q

life cycle of a worm?

A
  1. adult worm in lumen of small intestine
  2. eggs in feces
  3. fertilised eggs mature to infective form
  4. swallowed by human
  5. larvae hatch and invade intestinal mucosa
  6. larvae mature in lungs, penetrate alveoli
  7. ascend up bronchial tree to throat and swallowed
  8. enter small intestine and develop to adult form
65
Q

what parasites cause Teniasis?

A
  • Taenia solium
  • Taenia saginata
66
Q

what severe symptoms do you get with teniasis?

A

Severe infection: weight loss, abdominal pain, diarrhoea/constipation, etc.

67
Q

drugs used to treat teniasis?

A
  • Albendazole
  • Praziquantel
68
Q

what causes (Larval) Cysticercosis?

A
  • Taenia solium
69
Q

what is Neurocysticercosis?

A
  • Cysts localise in the brain
  • Can be serious: seizures
70
Q

what worms cause elephantiasis? 3

A
  1. Wuchereria bancrofti
  2. Brugia malayi
  3. Brugia timori
71
Q

drugs used to treat elephantiasis? 3

A
  • Albendazole
  • Diethylcarbamazine
    + * Ivermectin with one of the above
    Inhibitor of arachidonic acid metabolism
    Microfilariae become more susceptible to innate immune attack
72
Q

what is elephantiasis?

A

massive accumulation of lymphedema throughout the body; most common cause of secondary lymphedema worldwide
Caused by roundworm helmiths

73
Q

what is scabies?

A

contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite, commonly through sexual contact
Burrows into upper layer of skin where it lives and lays eggs

A. Y2 ALS (24 decks)

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