Fungal Infections

Question 1

What type of organisms are fungi?

Answer 1

Eukaryotes

Question 2

What is the composition of fungal cell walls?

Answer 2

Chitin

Question 3

Which ribosomes are found in fungi?

Answer 3

80S

Question 4

How do fungi reproduce?

Answer 4

Both sexually and asexually

Question 5

Why are human fungal infections rare?

Answer 5

a) Fungi are not adapted to 37°C
b) Fungal enzymes work best in non-living substrates
c) Host defenses effectively prevent infection

Question 6

What can make a person more susceptible to fungal infections?

Answer 6

HIV, diabetes mellitus, chemotherapy

Question 7

what do moulds form?

Answer 7

Form hyphae and mycelium

Question 8

How do yeasts reproduce?

Answer 8

Budding

Question 9

What is a characteristic feature of dimorphic fungi?

Answer 9

Can exist as both yeast and mould

Question 10

Which of the following fungi cause superficial infections without invading tissue?

Answer 10

Malassezia furfur

Question 11

Dermatophytes use which substance as a nutrient?

Answer 11

Keratin

Question 12

Aspergillus fumigatus primarily infects which organ?

Answer 12

Lungs

Question 13

Why are antifungal drugs often toxic to humans?

Answer 13

Fungi are similar to human cells

Question 14

Which antifungal drug is the most potent but also the most toxic?

Answer 14

Amphotericin B

Question 15

What is the mechanism of action of azoles?

Answer 15

Inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis

Question 16

Fungi store their genetic material in:

Answer 16

Several chromosomes inside a distinct nucleus

Question 17

What best describes a saprophytic fungus?

Answer 17

It feeds on dead organic matter

Question 18

How many species of fungi are estimated to colonize humans?

Answer 18

12

Question 19

What are the main reasons fungal infections are rare in humans?

Answer 19

a) Fungi cannot grow at human body temperature
b) The immune system efficiently eliminates them
c) Their enzymatic pathways do not function well in human hosts

Question 20

Opportunistic fungal infections are most common in:

Answer 20

Immunocompromised patients

Question 21

Moulds grow by forming:

Answer 21

Hyphae

Question 22

Yeasts are characterized by:

Answer 22

Single-celled, round or oval shape

Question 23

Which of the following fungi exhibit dimorphic growth?

Answer 23

Coccidioides immitis

Question 24

What triggers dimorphic fungi to switch between yeast and mould forms?

Answer 24

Temperature changes

Question 25

Dermatophytes are unique because:

Answer 25

They produce keratinase to digest keratin

Question 26

Which is the most common cause of deep or systemic fungal infections?

Answer 26

Aspergillus fumigatus

Question 27

Which fungal infection is most commonly associated with patients who are severely neutropenic?

Answer 27

Aspergillosis

Question 28

What is the primary route of transmission for deep/systemic mycoses?

Answer 28

Inhalation of spores

Question 29

Which fungal infection can present with nodules, cavities, fibrosis, and chronic lung damage?

Answer 29

Coccidioidomycosis

Question 30

Which of the following antifungal drugs inhibits glucan synthase, disrupting fungal cell wall synthesis?

Answer 30

Caspofungin

Question 31

Azoles target fungi by:

Answer 31

Inhibiting lanosterol demethylase

Question 32

Which antifungal drug is most commonly associated with liver toxicity?

Answer 32

Fluconazole

Question 33

Cryptococcus neoformans is always resistant to:

Answer 33

Caspofungin

Question 34

Mucormycosis infections are difficult to treat because:

Answer 34

They do not respond well to most antifungal drugs

Question 35

what are the 3 types of fungi?

Answer 35

1. Moulds 2. Yeast 3. Dimorphic

Question 36

Which of the following is an example of a superficial mycosis?

Answer 36

Tinea versicolor

Question 37

What type of mycosis extends into deeper skin layers, hair, and nails, but does not invade living tissue?

Answer 37

Cutaneous mycosis

Question 38

Which of the following fungi is most commonly associated with systemic infections in immunocompromised individuals?

Answer 38

Candida albicans

Question 39

Which class of antifungal drugs works by binding to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane?

Answer 39

Polyenes (e.g., Amphotericin B)

Question 40

What is the mechanism of action of azole antifungals?

Answer 40

Inhibiting lanosterol demethylase

Question 41

What is a major side effect of Amphotericin B?

Answer 41

Nephrotoxicity (renal damage)

Question 42

Which antifungal drug class targets the fungal cell wall by inhibiting β-glucan synthesis?

Answer 42

Echinocandins

Question 43

example of dimorphic fungi

Answer 43

coccidioidomycoses

Question 44

Candida albicans can form

Answer 44

true hyphae

Question 45

What is the primary cause of ergotism

Answer 45

Claviceps purpurea

Question 46

Which superficial fungal infection presents as a red macular rash without tissue invasion?

Answer 46

Tinea versicolor

Question 47

Which type of fungal infection follows traumatic inoculation and may be locally invasive?

Answer 47

Subcutaneous mycoses

Question 48

Subcutaneous fungal infections are most commonly found in which regions?

Answer 48

Tropics and subtropics

Question 49

Which term describes the ability of Aspergillus fumigatus to invade blood vessels, leading to pulmonary hemorrhage?

Answer 49

Angiotropism

Question 50

What is a hallmark feature of mucormycosis infection in the sinuses?

Answer 50

Black necrotic tissue

Question 51

what are the types of antifungals

Answer 51

azoles polyenes

Question 52

name two azoles on the drugs list

Answer 52

fluconazole, clotrimazole

Question 53

name two polyenes on the drug list

Answer 53

amphotericin B nystatin