Block 12 Drugs Flashcards by Ellie Stephenson

What is the class and mechanism of action of Chloroquine?

Class: Antimalarial.

MOA: Inhibits parasite heme polymerase → accumulation of toxic heme within parasite.

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What is the class and mechanism of action of Azathioprine?

Class: Immunosuppressant.

MOA: Prodrug converted to 6-mercaptopurine, inhibits purine synthesis → suppresses T and B cell proliferation.

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What are the indications for Chloroquine?

Treatment and prophylaxis of malaria

some autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.

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What are the indications for Azathioprine?

Rheumatoid arthritis

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What class does Diclofenac belong to and how does it work?

Class: NSAID.

MOA: Non-selective COX inhibitor, reduces prostaglandin synthesis.

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What are the indications for Diclofenac?

Pain, inflammation (arthritis, musculoskeletal disorders).

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What is the class and mechanism of Celecoxib?

Class: Selective COX-2 inhibitor (NSAID).

MOA: Inhibits COX-2 → decreases prostaglandin synthesis → reduces inflammation and pain.

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What are the indications for Celecoxib?

Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute pain.

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What is the class and mechanism of Cyclophosphamide?

Class: Alkylating agent (chemotherapy, immunosuppressant).

MOA: Cross-links DNA strands, inhibiting cell replication.

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What are the indications for Cyclophosphamide?

Cancer (leukaemia, lymphoma), autoimmune diseases (e.g., SLE).

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What is the class and mechanism of Ciclosporin?

Class: Immunosuppressant (calcineurin inhibitor).

MOA: Inhibits calcineurin → decreases IL-2 → suppresses T-cell activation.

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What are the indications for Ciclosporin?

Organ transplant rejection prevention, autoimmune diseases.

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What class is Aurothiomalate and what is its mechanism?

Class: Gold compound (DMARD).

MOA: Inhibits macrophage activity; exact mechanism unclear.

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What are the indications for Aurothiomalate?

Rheumatoid arthritis (rarely used now).

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What is the class and mechanism of action of Methotrexate?

Class: Antimetabolite, DMARD.

MOA: Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase → reduces DNA synthesis.

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What are the indications for Methotrexate?

Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, cancer chemotherapy.

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What is the class and mechanism of Sulfasalazine?

Class: DMARD. Anti-inflammatory

MOA: Unknown exactly; thought to modulate inflammatory mediators in the colon.

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What are the indications for Sulfasalazine?

Rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis.

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What is the class and mechanism of Prednisolone?

Class: Corticosteroid.

MOA: Binds glucocorticoid receptors → alters gene transcription → anti-inflammatory effects.

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What are the indications for Prednisolone?

Inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, asthma, allergies.

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What is the class and mechanism of Acetazolamide?

Class: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.

MOA: Inhibits carbonic anhydrase → decreases bicarbonate reabsorption → mild diuresis and reduces aqueous humour production.

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What are the indications for Acetazolamide?

Glaucoma

What is the class and mechanism of Timolol?

Class: Non-selective beta-blocker.

MOA: Reduces aqueous humour production by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors in the ciliary body.

What are the indications for Timolol?

Glaucoma (topical)

What is the class and mechanism of Mannitol?

Class: Osmotic diuretic. MOA: Increases plasma osmolarity → draws water out of tissues → promotes diuresis.

What are the indications for Mannitol?

Raised intracranial pressure, raised intraocular pressure (acute glaucoma), prevention of renal failure.

What is the class and mechanism of Propofol?

Class: Intravenous general anaesthetic. MOA: Potentiates GABA-A receptor activity, causing CNS depression.

What are the indications for Propofol?

Induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia, sedation in intensive care.

What is the class and mechanism of Donepezil?

Class: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. MOA: Inhibits breakdown of acetylcholine in the brain → enhances cholinergic neurotransmission.

What are the indications for Donepezil?

Alzheimer’s disease (mild to moderate).

What is the class and mechanism of Suxamethonium?

Class: Depolarising neuromuscular blocker. MOA: Acts as an acetylcholine receptor agonist → persistent depolarisation → flaccid paralysis.

What are the indications for Suxamethonium?

Rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia (e.g., intubation).

What is the class and mechanism of Isoflurane?

Class: Inhalational general anaesthetic. MOA: Enhances GABA and glycine receptor activity, inhibits NMDA receptors.

What are the indications for Isoflurane?

Maintenance of general anaesthesia.

What class is Atracurium and what is its mechanism?

Class: Non-depolarising neuromuscular blocker. MOA: Competes with acetylcholine for nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction → muscle relaxation.

What are the indications for Atracurium?

Muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation.

What is the class and mechanism of Fentanyl?

Class: Opioid analgesic (strong). MOA: Mu-opioid receptor agonist → inhibits nociceptive neurotransmission.

What are the indications for Fentanyl?

Severe pain (surgical, cancer-related), anaesthesia adjunct.

What is the class of Phenobarbital, and how does it work?

Class: Barbiturate (anticonvulsant). MOA: Enhances GABA-A receptor activity, increasing chloride influx and hyperpolarising neurons.

What are the main indications for Phenobarbital?

Generalised seizures, focal seizures, and as an alternative in status epilepticus; also used for sedation.

What is the class of Sodium Valproate, and its mechanism of action?

Class: Broad-spectrum anticonvulsant. MOA: Increases GABA availability and blocks sodium and calcium channels.

What are the main indications for Sodium Valproate?

Generalised seizures, absence seizures, myoclonic seizures, bipolar disorder (off-label), migraine prophylaxis.

What class of drug is Lithium, and what is its mechanism of action?

Class: Mood stabilizer. MOA: Exact mechanism unclear; thought to alter sodium transport and affect second messenger systems like IP3 and DAG.

What are the main indications for Lithium?

Bipolar disorder (mania and maintenance), and augmentation in depression.

What class does Diazepam belong to, and how does it work?

Class: Benzodiazepine (anticonvulsant and anxiolytic). MOA: Enhances GABA-A receptor activity → increased chloride influx → neuronal hyperpolarisation.

What are the main indications for Diazepam?

Status epilepticus (acute seizures), anxiety, alcohol withdrawal.

What is the class and mechanism of action of Lamotrigine?

Class: Anticonvulsant. MOA: Inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels, stabilising neuronal membranes.

What are the main indications for Lamotrigine?

Focal seizures, generalised seizures, and maintenance therapy in bipolar disorder.

What is the class and mechanism of action of Carbamazepine?

Class: Anticonvulsant. MOA: Inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels, reducing repetitive neuronal firing.

What are the main indications for Carbamazepine?

Focal seizures, generalised tonic-clonic seizures, trigeminal neuralgia, bipolar disorder (off-label).

What class does Phenytoin belong to, and what is its mechanism of action?

Class: Anticonvulsant. MOA: Blocks voltage-gated sodium channels, stabilising neuronal membranes.

What are the main indications for Phenytoin?

Focal seizures, generalised tonic-clonic seizures, and status epilepticus (after benzodiazepines).

What is the class and mechanism of action of Gabapentin?

Class: Anticonvulsant (and analgesic). MOA: Binds to the alpha-2-delta subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels, reducing excitatory neurotransmitter release.

What are the main indications for Gabapentin?

Focal seizures (adjunctive therapy) and neuropathic pain.