Dermatology

Question 1

What are the four principles of skin examination?

Answer 1

Inspect, Describe, Palpate, Systematic check.

Question 2

What tool is used to examine pigmentary changes and fluorescent infections?

Answer 2

Woods Lamp

Question 3

What is dermoscopy used for?

Answer 3

Diagnosing pigmented lesions, such as melanoma.

Question 4

What does SCAM stand for in lesion description?

Answer 4

Size, Colour, Associated changes, Morphology/Margin.

Question 5

What does ABCD stand for in melanoma diagnosis?

Answer 5

Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Colour variation, Diameter >6mm.

Question 6

What is Koebnerization?

Answer 6

A linear eruption of lesions at sites of trauma.

Question 7

What is erythema?

Answer 7

Redness due to inflammation and vasodilation, which blanches on pressure.

Question 8

What is petechiae?

Answer 8

Small pinpoint macules <3mm that don’t blanch on pressure.

Question 9

What is purpura?

Answer 9

Red or purple discoloration due to bleeding under the skin, which does not blanch.

Question 10

What is vitiligo?

Answer 10

Loss of melanocytes causing depigmentation.

Question 11

What are the three most common inflammatory skin disorders?

Answer 11

Acne, Atopic eczema, Psoriasis.

Question 12

What is acne?

Answer 12

A chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit.

Question 13

What are the three types of acne lesions?

Answer 13

Comedones, Superficial inflamed lesions (papules & pustules), Deep inflamed lesions (nodules).

Question 14

What are blackheads and whiteheads?

Answer 14

Blackheads (open comedones), Whiteheads (closed comedones).

Question 15

What is atopic eczema?

Answer 15

A chronic itchy inflammatory skin condition with genetic and environmental triggers.

Question 16

What are the two main types of acne scars?

Answer 16

Atrophic and hypertrophic.

Question 17

What is the most common type of psoriasis?

Answer 17

Chronic plaque psoriasis.

Question 18

What are common triggers for psoriasis?

Answer 18

Trauma, infection, stress, alcohol, drugs.

Question 19

What is erythroderma?

Answer 19

A severe inflammatory dermatosis affecting >90% of the body.

Question 20

What are the three main types of skin infections?

Answer 20

Bacterial, Viral, Fungal.

Question 21

What causes erythrasma?

Answer 21

Corynebacterium minutissimum.

Question 22

What is herpes zoster?

Answer 22

Shingles, caused by the varicella-zoster virus.

Question 23

What are the two main types of skin cancer?

Answer 23

Non-melanoma (Basal cell carcinoma & Squamous cell carcinoma) and Melanoma.

Question 24

What is the most life-threatening type of skin cancer?

Answer 24

Malignant melanoma.

Question 25

What is the most common malignant skin tumour?

Answer 25

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC).

Question 26

What are risk factors for basal cell carcinoma?

Answer 26

UV exposure, fair skin, older age, male gender, immunosuppression.

Question 27

What is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)?

Answer 27

A cancer of squamous cells, often caused by UV exposure.

Question 28

What is Breslow depth?

Answer 28

A measurement of how deep a melanoma is, used to determine prognosis.

Question 29

What are the four main types of melanoma?

Answer 29

Superficial spreading, Nodular, Lentigo maligna, Acral lentiginous.

Question 30

Which type of melanoma is not related to UV exposure?

Answer 30

Acral lentiginous melanoma.

Question 31

What is a naevus?

Answer 31

A localized malformation of tissue structures (e.g., a mole).

Question 32

What is a cyst?

Answer 32

A fluid-filled papule or nodule.

Question 33

What are the primary functions of the skin?

Answer 33

Protection, thermoregulation, sensation, immune defense, and vitamin D synthesis.

Question 34

What is the main structural protein in the skin?

Answer 34

Collagen.

Question 35

What are Langerhans cells responsible for?

Answer 35

Immune surveillance in the skin.

Question 36

What is rosacea?

Answer 36

A chronic inflammatory facial skin condition with flushing, telangiectasia, and pustules.

Question 37

What are the triggers for rosacea?

Answer 37

Heat, alcohol, spicy food, sunlight, stress.

Question 38

What is seborrheic dermatitis?

Answer 38

A chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin condition affecting sebaceous gland-rich areas.

Question 39

hat causes seborrheic dermatitis?

Answer 39

Malassezia yeast overgrowth.

Question 40

What is lichen planus?

Answer 40

A chronic inflammatory skin condition with purple, polygonal, pruritic papules.

Question 41

What is hidradenitis suppurativa?

Answer 41

A chronic inflammatory skin condition affecting apocrine glands, causing painful nodules and abscesses.

Question 42

What is bullous pemphigoid?

Answer 42

An autoimmune blistering disorder with subepidermal blisters.

Question 43

What is actinic keratosis?

Answer 43

A precancerous lesion caused by chronic sun exposure, can progress to SCC.

Question 44

What is Bowen’s disease?

Answer 44

Squamous cell carcinoma in situ, confined to the epidermis.

Question 45

What is Kaposi sarcoma associated with?

Answer 45

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and immunosuppression.

Question 46

What is Gorlin syndrome?

Answer 46

A genetic disorder causing multiple basal cell carcinomas.

Question 47

What is tinea corporis?

Answer 47

A fungal infection of the body, also called ringworm.

Question 48

What is tinea pedis?

Answer 48

Athlete’s foot, a fungal infection of the feet.

Question 49

What is impetigo?

Answer 49

A bacterial skin infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes.

Question 50

What is erysipelas?

Answer 50

A bacterial skin infection of the upper dermis, often caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.

Question 51

What is cellulitis?

Answer 51

A deeper bacterial skin infection affecting the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.

Question 52

What are common causes of warts?

Answer 52

Human papillomavirus (HPV).

Question 53

What skin condition is associated with diabetes?

Answer 53

Acanthosis nigricans (dark, velvety patches in skin folds).

Question 54

What is lupus pernio associated with?

Answer 54

Sarcoidosis.

Question 55

What is necrobiosis lipoidica associated with?

Answer 55

Diabetes mellitus.

Question 56

What is dermatomyositis?

Answer 56

An inflammatory condition with muscle weakness and skin rash.

Question 57

What is Raynaud’s phenomenon?

Answer 57

Episodic vasospasm of fingers and toes, often associated with autoimmune diseases.