Dermatology Flashcards
What are the four principles of skin examination?
Inspect, Describe, Palpate, Systematic check.
What tool is used to examine pigmentary changes and fluorescent infections?
Woods Lamp
What is dermoscopy used for?
Diagnosing pigmented lesions, such as melanoma.
What does SCAM stand for in lesion description?
Size, Colour, Associated changes, Morphology/Margin.
What does ABCD stand for in melanoma diagnosis?
Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Colour variation, Diameter >6mm.
What is Koebnerization?
A linear eruption of lesions at sites of trauma.
What is erythema?
Redness due to inflammation and vasodilation, which blanches on pressure.
What is petechiae?
Small pinpoint macules <3mm that don’t blanch on pressure.
What is purpura?
Red or purple discoloration due to bleeding under the skin, which does not blanch.
What is vitiligo?
Loss of melanocytes causing depigmentation.
What are the three most common inflammatory skin disorders?
Acne, Atopic eczema, Psoriasis.
What is acne?
A chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit.
What are the three types of acne lesions?
Comedones, Superficial inflamed lesions (papules & pustules), Deep inflamed lesions (nodules).
What are blackheads and whiteheads?
Blackheads (open comedones), Whiteheads (closed comedones).
What is atopic eczema?
A chronic itchy inflammatory skin condition with genetic and environmental triggers.
What are the two main types of acne scars?
Atrophic and hypertrophic.
What is the most common type of psoriasis?
Chronic plaque psoriasis.
What are common triggers for psoriasis?
Trauma, infection, stress, alcohol, drugs.
What is erythroderma?
A severe inflammatory dermatosis affecting >90% of the body.
What are the three main types of skin infections?
Bacterial, Viral, Fungal.
What causes erythrasma?
Corynebacterium minutissimum.
What is herpes zoster?
Shingles, caused by the varicella-zoster virus.
What are the two main types of skin cancer?
Non-melanoma (Basal cell carcinoma & Squamous cell carcinoma) and Melanoma.
What is the most life-threatening type of skin cancer?
Malignant melanoma.
What is the most common malignant skin tumour?
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC).
What are risk factors for basal cell carcinoma?
UV exposure, fair skin, older age, male gender, immunosuppression.
What is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)?
A cancer of squamous cells, often caused by UV exposure.
What is Breslow depth?
A measurement of how deep a melanoma is, used to determine prognosis.
What are the four main types of melanoma?
Superficial spreading, Nodular, Lentigo maligna, Acral lentiginous.
Which type of melanoma is not related to UV exposure?
Acral lentiginous melanoma.
What is a naevus?
A localized malformation of tissue structures (e.g., a mole).
What is a cyst?
A fluid-filled papule or nodule.
What are the primary functions of the skin?
Protection, thermoregulation, sensation, immune defense, and vitamin D synthesis.
What is the main structural protein in the skin?
Collagen.
What are Langerhans cells responsible for?
Immune surveillance in the skin.
What is rosacea?
A chronic inflammatory facial skin condition with flushing, telangiectasia, and pustules.
What are the triggers for rosacea?
Heat, alcohol, spicy food, sunlight, stress.
What is seborrheic dermatitis?
A chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin condition affecting sebaceous gland-rich areas.
hat causes seborrheic dermatitis?
Malassezia yeast overgrowth.
What is lichen planus?
A chronic inflammatory skin condition with purple, polygonal, pruritic papules.
What is hidradenitis suppurativa?
A chronic inflammatory skin condition affecting apocrine glands, causing painful nodules and abscesses.
What is bullous pemphigoid?
An autoimmune blistering disorder with subepidermal blisters.
What is actinic keratosis?
A precancerous lesion caused by chronic sun exposure, can progress to SCC.
What is Bowen’s disease?
Squamous cell carcinoma in situ, confined to the epidermis.
What is Kaposi sarcoma associated with?
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and immunosuppression.
What is Gorlin syndrome?
A genetic disorder causing multiple basal cell carcinomas.
What is tinea corporis?
A fungal infection of the body, also called ringworm.
What is tinea pedis?
Athlete’s foot, a fungal infection of the feet.
What is impetigo?
A bacterial skin infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes.
What is erysipelas?
A bacterial skin infection of the upper dermis, often caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.
What is cellulitis?
A deeper bacterial skin infection affecting the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.
What are common causes of warts?
Human papillomavirus (HPV).
What skin condition is associated with diabetes?
Acanthosis nigricans (dark, velvety patches in skin folds).
What is lupus pernio associated with?
Sarcoidosis.
What is necrobiosis lipoidica associated with?
Diabetes mellitus.
What is dermatomyositis?
An inflammatory condition with muscle weakness and skin rash.
What is Raynaud’s phenomenon?
Episodic vasospasm of fingers and toes, often associated with autoimmune diseases.
