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Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

what are the hallmarks of cancer?

A
  1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals (oncogenes)
  2. Insensitivity to antigrowth signals (tumour suppressors)
  3. Evasion of apoptosis
  4. Replicative immortality (telomerase)
  5. Sustained angiogenesis
  6. Tissue invasion and metastasis
  7. Reprogramming of energy metabolism
  8. Evasion of immune destruction
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2
Q

what are the 7 oncoviruses for cancer?

A
  1. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
  2. Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
  3. Hepatitis B (HBV)
  4. Hepatitis C (HCV)
  5. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1)
  6. Human Herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8)
  7. Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV).
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3
Q

Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for DNA replication?

A

S phase

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4
Q

What is the function of the G1 checkpoint?

A

Determines if the cell has enough resources and no DNA damage before division

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5
Q

What is the primary function of telomerase in cancer cells?

A

Maintains telomere length to allow unlimited division

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6
Q

Which of the following is an example of an oncogene?

A

RAS

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7
Q

Which cell cycle regulator forms a complex with cyclin to drive cell cycle progression?

A

CDK (Cyclin-dependent kinase)

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8
Q

What happens at the spindle checkpoint?

A

Ensures chromosomes are properly attached to spindle fibers

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9
Q

How does p53 respond to DNA damage?

A

Stops the cell cycle and activates DNA repair or apoptosis

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10
Q

What is the role of the RB (retinoblastoma) protein in the cell cycle?

A

Controls the G1-S restriction point

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11
Q

Which mutation sequence is commonly observed in colorectal cancer progression?

A

APC → K-RAS → DCC → p53

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12
Q

What is the function of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)?

A

Triggers the destruction of M cyclins to exit mitosis

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13
Q

What is the role of cyclins in the cell cycle?

A

Control cell cycle progression by activating CDKs

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14
Q

Which gene is most commonly mutated in human cancers?

A

p53

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15
Q

How do tumour suppressor genes function in normal cells?

A

Inhibit cell division and promote apoptosis

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16
Q

Which phase of mitosis is characterized by chromosome alignment at the cell’s equator?

A

Metaphase

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17
Q

Why do cancer cells have unlimited replicative potential?

A

Activation of telomerase maintains telomere length

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18
Q

What happens if a chromosome is not properly attached to the spindle at the M checkpoint?

A

The cell pauses mitosis until proper attachment occurs

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19
Q

Which of the following is an example of a tumour suppressor gene?

A

RB

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20
Q

How do growth factors contribute to cell cycle progression?

A

Trigger signal transduction pathways that promote division

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21
Q

What is the role of CDK inhibitors?

A

Block CDK activity to halt the cell cycle when needed

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22
Q

What is the key difference between necrosis and apoptosis?

A

Apoptosis is programmed and does not cause inflammation

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23
Q

What happens to a cell that fails to meet the G2 checkpoint requirements?

A

It undergoes apoptosis or repairs the DNA

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24
Q

What is the role of p53 when DNA damage is detected?

A

Stops the cell cycle and promotes DNA repair or apoptosis

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25
What is a major consequence of losing functional RB protein?
Unregulated entry into S phase
26
What is a tumour?
A mass of cells resulting from uncontrolled proliferation
27
What percentage of cancers are inherited?
2-3%
28
What is the primary function of tumour suppressor genes?
Repair damaged DNA and regulate the cell cycle
29
Which high-risk HPV strains are associated with cervical cancer?
16 and 18
30
Helicobacter pylori is associated with which type of cancer?
Gastric carcinoma
31
What is metaplasia?
Reversible transformation of one fully differentiated cell type into another
32
What does the “T” in TNM staging stand for?
Tumour size
33
What type of tumour arises from connective tissue and is malignant?
sarcoma
34
What term describes the spread of cancer cells to a distant site?
Metastasis
35
Germ line point mutation
affects every cell type in your body
36
Somatic point mutation
Only effects individual cell
37
What is an oncogene?
A gene that promotes uncontrolled cell division when mutated
38
What is the most common type of cancer in humans?
skin cancer
39
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of cancer cells?
Loss of differentiation (anaplasia)
40
Which of the following best describes tumour angiogenesis?
Formation of new blood vessels to supply the tumour
41
What is the hallmark of malignant transformation?
Invasion and metastasis
42
A well-differentiated tumour is more likely to be:
Benign
43
What type of malignancy originates from glandular epithelium?
Adenocarcinoma
44
Which feature differentiates carcinoma in situ from invasive carcinoma?
No invasion beyond the basement membrane
45
What is the significance of the "N" in the TNM staging system?
Lymph node involvement
46
Which of the following is the primary cause of Burkitt’s lymphoma?
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
47
Which of the following is the main cause of hepatocellular carcinoma?
Hepatitis B and C infections
48
What is the most common site of metastasis for breast cancer?
bone
49
What type of mutation is commonly caused by UV radiation?
CC to TT mutations
50
Which of the following is an example of an exogenous DNA-damaging factor?
UV light
51
Which disorder results from a deficiency in ATM, leading to neurodegeneration and radiosensitivity?
Ataxia-telangiectasia
52
Aflatoxin B1 exposure is strongly associated with which type of cancer?
Liver cancer
53
Which enzyme is responsible for repairing alkylation damage in DNA?
MGMT
54
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is primarily used to correct which type of damage?
Thymine dimers and bulky lesions
55
Which genetic disorder results from a defect in nucleotide excision repair, leading to extreme UV sensitivity?
Xeroderma pigmentosum
56
Which pathway repairs double-strand DNA breaks without using a template?
Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)
57
What is the main role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in carcinogenesis?
Convert pro-carcinogens into active carcinogens
58
In the "two-hit hypothesis," what happens when both alleles of a tumour suppressor gene are lost?
Uncontrolled cell proliferation occurs
59
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is associated with mutations in which gene?
APC
60
Which cancer syndrome is characterized by mutations in mismatch repair genes such as hMSH2 and hMLH1?
Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)
61
What is the primary consequence of defective mismatch repair (MMR)?
Increased microsatellite instability
62
The Philadelphia chromosome is associated with which type of cancer?
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
63
Which process allows cancer cells to evade programmed cell death?
Upregulation of BCL-2
64
Which chemical carcinogen is found in cigarette smoke and causes DNA adduct formation?
Benzo[a]pyrene
65
Which of the following viruses is strongly associated with cervical cancer?
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
66
Which enzyme is responsible for maintaining telomere length in cancer cells?
Telomerase
67
Which of the following best describes the "Warburg effect" in cancer cells?
Increased glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen
68
Which DNA repair pathway is defective in individuals with hereditary breast cancer due to BRCA1 mutations?
Homologous recombination (HR)
69
Which stage of carcinogenesis is characterized by irreversible genetic mutations?
Initiation
70
Which gene mutation is associated with Li-Fraumeni syndrome?
p53
71
How do tumour cells evade immune destruction?
Downregulation of MHC class I molecules

Y2 ALS (74 decks)

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