PARAMYXOVIRIDAE Flashcards
1
Q
[?] RNA viruses
A
Enveloped
2
Q
[?] nm
A
150-300
3
Q
[?] symmetry
A
Helical
4
Q
Genome:
A
Negative sense, linear, single stranded, nonsegmented RNA
5
Q
Virus relicates in the [?]
A
cytoplasm
6
Q
Virions penetrate the cell by [?] with the plasma membrane and exit by [?] from the plasma membrane without killing the cell
A
fusion; budding
7
Q
Viruses induce cell-tocell fusion, causing multinucleated giant cells (?)
A
syncytia
8
Q
causes many of the symptoms but is essential for control of the infection
A
Cell-mediated immunity
9
Q
Respirovirus
A
Human parainfluenzaviruses 1 & 3
10
Q
Morbillivirus
A
Measles virus
11
Q
Rubulavirus
A
Mumps virus; Human parainfluenza viruses 2 & 4
12
Q
Henipavirus
A
Hendra virus, Nipah virus
13
Q
Pneumovirus
A
Human respiratory syncytial virus
14
Q
Metapneumovirus
A
Human metapneumovirus
15
Q
● non-segmented genome is 15-19 kb in length.
A
Respirovirus
16
Q
● Virions can be either pleomorphic or filamentous.
A
Respirovirus
17
Q
● Replication takes place in the cytoplasm.
A
Respirovirus
18
Q
● Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) are classified into four serotypes. The most popular are HPIV-1 and HPIV-2.
A
Respirovirus
19
Q
In babies, HPIV-3 causes bronchiolitis and pneumonia.
A
Respirovirus
20
Q
● Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is divided into four subtypes (A1, A2, B1, B2).
A
Respirovirus
21
Q
The F (fusion) and G (attachment) proteins are two surface glycoproteins.
A
Respirovirus
22
Q
Diseases: Measles or Rubeola
A
Morbillivirus
23
Q
● causes fever with rashes (red measles)
A
Morbillivirus
24
Q
● personality changes, loss of memory, muscle spasms, blindness
A
Morbillivirus
25
● incubation period: 7-13 days
Morbillivirus
26
● may also show conjunctivitis and pneumonia
Morbillivirus
27
MUMPS
Rubulavirus
28
● "to mump" (british word): grimace or grin (as a result of parotid gland swelling)
Rubulavirus
29
● Acute infectious disease due to "myxovirus parotiditis"
Rubulavirus
30
RNA paramyxovirus (Genus [?]) affecting mainly glands and nervous system
Rubulavirus
31
● Mortality is negligible
Rubulavirus
32
● a genus of negative-strand RNA viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae, order Mononegavirales containing six established species
Henipavirus
33
● pleiomorphic with spherical or filamentous structures (40- 2000 nm)
Henipavirus
34
● Nucleocapsids are visible in electron microscopy (18 nm)
Henipavirus
35
● HPIV and HMPV spread through droplets and touch.
Respirovirus
36
In children, HPIV causes upper respiratory infections and croup.
Respirovirus
37
a. Spread by viremia
Morbillivirus
38
● from the oropharynx leading to the RES
Morbillivirus
39
b. Secondary Viremia
Morbillivirus
40
● after 5-7 days
Morbillivirus
41
● spreads to the mucosa of repiratory, urogenital and GIT or CNS
Morbillivirus
42
● Respiratory Tract Entry: Mumps virus typically enters the body through the respiratory tract via inhalation of infected respiratory droplets.
Rubulavirus
43
● Initial Replication: The virus initially infects and replicates in the upper respiratory tract epithelial cells.
Rubulavirus
44
● Overcrowding
Rubulavirus
45
● Mode of transmission: droplet infection and direct contact with the infection person
Rubulavirus
46
● I.P.: 2-4 weeks
Rubulavirus
47
● Henipaviruses enter via respiratory tract or direct contact with infected animals.
Henipavirus
48
● Attachment to host cells occurs via specific ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3 receptors on endothelial cells and neurons.
Henipavirus
49
● Fusion and entry into host cells facilitated by viral attachment and fusion glycoproteins.
Henipavirus
50
● Release of viral RNA genome into host cell cytoplasm.
Henipavirus
51
● Viral RNA replication leads to more viral proteins and genomes.
Henipavirus
52
● Cell-to-cell spread via syncytia formation allows direct viral transmission.
Henipavirus
53
● In young children, HMPV causes bronchiolitis.
Respirovirus
54
● Severe illness is more likely in the elderly and immunocompromised people.
Respirovirus
55
● Endemic worldwide
Morbillivirus
56
● Serious & highly contagious
Morbillivirus
57
● Usually found in non-immunized or partially -immunized
Morbillivirus
58
● Humans are the natural host
Morbillivirus
59
● 1-5 year age group
Morbillivirus
60
● Airborne, spread by contact with aerosolized respiratory secretion
Morbillivirus
61
● Age: mostly 5-9 yrs, but can be seen in any age
Rubulavirus
62
● Sex: females
Rubulavirus
63
● Immunity: less than 6 months of age infants are immune, life long immunity after one infection
Rubulavirus
64
● Any time but peak in winter and spring season
Rubulavirus
65
● Reservoir Hosts: Bats as Natural Reservoirs
Henipavirus
66
● Human infection appears to be as a result of contact with sick farm animals, and not direct contact with the bat hosts.
Henipavirus
67
Viral culture, antigen detection, and serology, PCR
Respirovirus
68
Nasopharyngeal swabs, aspirates, and washes are optimal specimens
Respirovirus
69
History and Symptoms
Morbillivirus
70
Presence of Koplik's Spots
Morbillivirus
71
Serologic Testing: Blood tests can detect specific antibodies (IgM and IgG) against the measles virus.
Morbillivirus
72
IgM is detectable from day 3 after rash onset, and IgG from days 7–14.
Morbillivirus
73
Viral Detection: Reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on respiratory specimens (such as throat swabs, nasal swabs, or saliva) can detect measles virus RNA.
Morbillivirus
74
Virus isolation—possible in renal cell lines, growth slow
Morbillivirus
75
Direct detection of virus antigen in clinical specimens by immunoflourescent technique.
Rubulavirus
76
● SPECIMENS for viral isolation include; saliva, CSF, and urine.
Rubulavirus
77
● CELL LINE: Monkey kidney cells are preferred for virus isolation.
Rubulavirus
78
● OUTCOME: Cytopathic effect in the form of multinucleate giant cell formation is detected; Haemadsorption test.
Rubulavirus
79
Serology: Test employed include
● HAI test, CFT test and ELISA test.
Rubulavirus
80
● Unequivocal diagnosis can be made only by laboratory tests such as IHC, cell culture isolation, PCR, or serology.
Henipavirus
81
● IHC can reveal widespread presence of Nipah virus antigens in endothelial and smooth muscle cells of blood vessels, as well as in various parenchymal cells
Henipavirus
82
● There is no vaccine.
Respirovirus
83
● Aerosolized ribavirin can be used for treatment if necessary.
Respirovirus
84
● In hospital wards, infected patients may be isolated.
Respirovirus
85
Treatment: Supportive therapy
Morbillivirus
86
● Rest and Hydration
Morbillivirus
87
● Fever Control
Morbillivirus
88
● Vitamin A Supplementation
Morbillivirus
89
● Isolation and Rest
Morbillivirus
90
● Vaccination (MMR Vaccine)
Morbillivirus
91
● Herd Immunity
Morbillivirus
92
● Vaccination Campaigns
Morbillivirus
93
● Vitamin A Supplementation
Morbillivirus
94
● Public Health Measures
Morbillivirus
95
● Health Education
Morbillivirus
96
● Supportive care
Rubulavirus
97
● Case should be isolated till symptoms subside
Rubulavirus
98
● Contacts should be kept under surveillance
Rubulavirus
99
● Immunization
Rubulavirus
100
● Mumps vaccine: Live attenuated,0.5 ml, IM MMR vaccine
Rubulavirus
101
Travelers should not consume fallen fruit, raw date palm sap, or products made from raw sap.
Henipavirus
102
A Hendra virus vaccine for horses has been licensed in Australia and has potential future benefit to prevent Henipavirus infections in humans, but no licensed vaccines for humans currently are available.
Henipavirus
103
● Rhinorrhea, pharyngitis, laryngitis, croup, bronchitis, and pneumonia are some of the symptoms.
Respirovirus
104
● Wheezing in children is possible.
Respirovirus
105
● Flu-like symptoms can occur in adults.
Respirovirus
106
● Cough, Coryza, Conjunctivitis, Photophobia
Morbillivirus
107
● High hever
Morbillivirus
108
● Koplik Spots : grain of salts
Morbillivirus
109
● surrounded by red halo
Morbillivirus
110
● rashes on the head and body vesicular lesions that lasts for 24 to 48 hours, usually 12 mm
Morbillivirus
111
● One third cases: asymptomatic
Rubulavirus
112
● Initial symptoms: ear ache on affected side, pain and stiffness on opening the mouth
Rubulavirus
113
● Pain and swelling due to involvement of parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands,
Rubulavirus
114
● Swelling subsides in 1-2 weeks Can affect testes, pancreas, ovaries, prostate, CNS
Rubulavirus
115
● Severe cases: Fever 3-5 days
Rubulavirus
116
● Orchitis (25-40% ): 7-10 days after parotitis, with high fever (Unilateral in 75% orchitis cases, Most common extra-salivary gland manifestation in adults)
Rubulavirus
117
● Epididymitis
Rubulavirus
118
● Pancreatitis(4%)
Rubulavirus
119
● Mild form of meningitis
Rubulavirus
120
● Thyroiditis, Neuritis, Hepatitis, Ovaritis, Oophoritis (5% adult women)
Rubulavirus
121
● Spontaneous abortion (25% in pregnancy)
Rubulavirus
122
● Hearing loss, Polyarthritis, Encephalitis, Cerebellar ataxia
Rubulavirus
123
● severe influenza-like illness with dizziness, headache, fever, and myalgias.
Henipavirus
124
● can progress to severe encephalitis with confusion, abnormal reflexes, seizures, and coma respiratory symptoms also might be present
Henipavirus
125
Classified into two major species: Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV
Pneumovirus
126
Human Metapneumovirus
127
● Genomic Features: Four genetic lineages (A1, A2, B1, B2) identified through genetic sequencing.
Metapneumovirus
128
● Unique Proteins: Fusion (F) and attachment (G) proteins aid in viral attachment and entry into host cells.
Metapneumovirus
129
● Syncytia Formation: Ability to cause syncytia (fusion of infected cells), leading to cellto-cell spread.
Metapneumovirus
130
● They enter the body through inhalation of respiratory droplets containing the virus or direct contact with contaminated surfaces.
Pneumovirus
131
● spread from person to person via respiratory droplets
Metapneumovirus
132
● Infects the respiratory tract epithelium, causing bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and respiratory distress.
Metapneumovirus
133
Exhibits seasonal patterns, with increased transmission occurring during colder months in temperate climates (fall to spring).
HRSV
134
This seasonality contributes to outbreaks and increased rates of infection, especially among young children.
HRSV
135
Seasonal patterns vary by region but often coincide with periods of stress on cattle herds, such as during transportation, housing changes, or weather fluctuations.
BRSV
136
● Global distribution, causing respiratory infections, particularly in children, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.
Metapneumovirus
137
● Seasonality: Commonly seen in late winter, spring, and early summer.
Metapneumovirus
138
● Molecular Tests (RT-PCR):
HRSV
139
● Antigen Detection Tests
HRSV
140
● Viral Culture
HRSV
141
● Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on respiratory samples (nasopharyngeal swabs, sputum) to detect viral RNA.
Metapneumovirus
142
● Other Tests: Viral culture, immunofluorescence assays, serology, and antigen detection.
Metapneumovirus
143
● Hand Hygiene
Pneumovirus
144
● Respiratory Hygiene: coughing or sneezing, and proper disposal of used tissues
Pneumovirus
145
● Avoiding Close Contact:
Pneumovirus
146
● Cleaning and Disinfection:
Pneumovirus
147
● Isolation and Quarantine Measures
Pneumovirus
148
● Majority of the children infected can be managed at home with supportive care
Metapneumovirus
149
● Hydration via Intravenous fluid and antiviral medications in severe cases
Metapneumovirus
150
● Bronchodilators and corticosteroids
Metapneumovirus
151
● Hygiene practices
Metapneumovirus
152
● Handwashing
Metapneumovirus
153
● Covering mouth while coughing/sneezing
Metapneumovirus
154
● Don’t share food or eating utensils
Metapneumovirus
155
● Practice social distancing especially when sick
Metapneumovirus
156
Mild Respiratory Illness: infections can manifest as mild coldlike symptoms
HRSV
157
● Runny or stuffy nose
HRSV
158
● Cough
HRSV
159
● Sneezing
HRSV
160
● Sore throat
HRSV
161
● Low-grade fever
HRSV
162
● Severe Respiratory Illness in Infants and Young Children
HRSV
163
In younger populations, particularly infants and toddlers, infections can lead to more severe respiratory illnesses
HRSV
164
● Bronchiolitis
HRSV
165
● Pneumonia
HRSV
166
● Wheezing and difficulty breathing
HRSV
167
● Cyanosis
HRSV
168
Respiratory Disease in Calves: primarily affects calves and can result in respiratory illness, with clinical signs
Pneumovirus
169
● Fever
Pneumovirus
170
● Nasal discharge
Pneumovirus
171
● Coughing
Pneumovirus
172
● Difficulty breathing
Pneumovirus
173
● Reduced appetite
Pneumovirus
174
● Decreased weight gain
Pneumovirus
175
● Bronchiolitis
Metapneumovirus
176
● Croup
Metapneumovirus
177
● Pneumonia
Metapneumovirus
178
● Astma exacerbation
Metapneumovirus
179
● Rhinorrhea
Metapneumovirus
180
● Cough
Metapneumovirus
181
● Fever
Metapneumovirus
182
● Conjunctivitis
Metapneumovirus
183
● Vomiting, Diarrhea
Metapneumovirus
184
● Detection of specific antibodies (IgM, IgG) against HMPV indicating recent or past infection.
Metapneumovirus
