PAR and KT Flashcards
PAR emerged, in part, in response to…
a distrust of traditional postpositivist research
PAR typically approached by researchers with _____ and _____ agendas.
- political
- social
PAR is a particularly ____ and _____ research process because:
- unique
- emerging
- co-generates knowledge with participants
- results in practical outcomes for participants
PAR has been described by Brydon-Miller et al. as…
the sum of its individual terms
3 parts to PAR:
- participatory
- action
- research
Participatory:
researchers and participants are involved in all phases of the research process
Action:
primary goal of the research is to create positive change to address injustices
Research:
social process of gathering and asserting knowledge
There is no ___ ___ ____ to do PAR studies.
one right way
PAR is not a _____ process. It is typically conceptualized as a _____ and _____ process.
- linear
- cyclical
- iterative
2 possible processes for engaging in PAR include:
- action research spiral
- five-phase PAR approach
Working closely with participants, action research spiral process involves a spiral of cycles that include:
- planning
- acting and observing
- reflecting
Specifically with action research spiral, researchers will…
- plan for change
- act and observe with respect to change process and anticipated consequences
- reflect on such processes and consequences
- then re-plan, act and observe again, and reflect again
Compared to the action research spiral, the five-phase PAR approach is more _____.
detailed
Frisby and colleagues (2005) outlined a five-phase PAR approach that includes:
- setting the research question
- building trust
- data collection
- data analysis
- communicating
In the five-phase PAR approach, the 5 phases should be constantly _____ among _____ and _____.
- negotiated
- researchers
- participants
There are no specific ____ or _____ that must be used in PAR for data generation and analysis.
- measures
- processes
______ are the most common process for generating data within PAR.
interviews
Other than interviews, what other processes can be used to generate data within PAR?
- observations
- personal diaries
- photographs
- visual artwork
Data analysis in PAR should align with….
- research questions
- processes of data generation
PAR provides an opportunity to respectfully engage ______ populations in _____ ____, _______, and _____ research.
- underrepresented
- mutually beneficial
- relevant
- respectful
Who might be drawn to PAR? Why?
- those who may be weary of traditional research approaches
- because of it’s defining features
Defining features of PAR:
- participatory
- collaborative
- transformative
Inherent challenges of PAR:
- establishing and nurturing relationships
- ensuring ongoing participant collaboration
- identifying action
What is KT?
- knowledge translation
- sharing research findings, insights, experiences
KT is a process that includes the _____, ______, _____, and _____ of knowledge.
- synthesis
- dissemination
- exchange
- application
KT is also referred to as:
- knowledge mobilization
- knowledge sharing
KT is a ____ process that takes place within _____ system of interactions between _____ and _____ ____ (eg….)
- dynamic
- complex
- researchers
- knowledge users
- eg. practitioners, educator, healthcare administrators, patient group
4 core elements of KT:
- synthesis
- dissemination
- exchange
- ethically sound application of knowledge
Synthesis:
contextualizing and integrating study findings within larger body of knowledge
Synthesis examples:
- systematic reviews
- narrative reviews
- meta-analyses
- practical guidelines
Dissemination:
- tailoring knowledge exchange to a particular audience
- tailoring both the message and the medium
Dissemination examples:
- providing summaries for knowledge users
- delivering educational sessions with patients
Exchange:
engagement between researchers and knowledge users
Exchange results in mutual learning through:
- planning
- producing
- disseminating
- applying existing or new research
Ethically sound application of knowledge:
- putting knowledge into practice
- should be consistent with ethical principles, social values, and legal regulatory frameworks
Some _____ exists between the 4 core elements of KT.
overlap
2 ways to plan timing of KT activities:
- activities occur at the end of research study
- activities integrated throughout duration of research study
KT strategies are tangible strategies used by researchers to…
- synthesize
- disseminate
- exchange
- apply knowledge
2 broad approaches to KT strategies:
- traditional approaches
- innovative approaches
The 2 approaches to KT are not necessarily ____ ____.
- mutually exclusive
- some cross over between the approaches
Traditional KT approaches include:
- publications
- conference proceedings
____ ____ ____ are probably the most familiar form of KT strategies.
published journal articles
What happens with publications?
- researcher submits manuscript to a journal in hopes of having it accepted for publication
- manuscripts often undergo peer-review process
- experts in respective fields critically review manuscript
What happens with conference proceedings?
- researchers present and discuss their research in person to an audience
- provides interaction between researcher and audience
Conference proceedings usually is in one of three formats:
- verbal presentation
- poster presentation
- symposium
Innovative KT approaches include:
- arts-based
- text-based
- media-based
- relationship-oriented
What happens with arts-based KT approaches?
- using art and performance
- requires researchers to extend beyond traditional training and experiences
In arts-based KT approaches, sometimes line between ____ ______ and ____ _____ is blurred.
- data generation
- data presentation
Examples of arts-based KT approaches:
- short firm
- interpretive dance
- ethnodrama
- visual art
- musical performance
3 types of text-based KT approaches:
- narratives
- fictional narratives
- poetic representation
Narratives:
allow researchers to share research through storytelling
Fictional narratives:
may reach general public to exchange information
Poetic representation:
takes place when researchers transform data into poem-like presentation
Media-based KT approaches:
- social media (immediately disseminate findings to general public)
- websites developed about research lab (updated info about previous and current research)
- development of online tools to serve as resources
Examples of media-based KT approaches:
- TED talks
- Canada’s National 3-Minute Thesis competition
Relationship-oriented KT approaches:
- gatherings of people involved and interested in research
- provide forum to share info and engage with knowledge users
Relationship-oriented KT approaches is premised on….
- relationship-building
- interactions between researchers and knowledge users
Choice of which KT strategy to use should be driven primarily by….
research question
Other important factors that can influence which KT strategy chosen:
- intended audience
- ethically sound strategies
Opportunities for KT are…
seemingly endless
