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KIN 209 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Foundations of a study:

A
  • research topic

- related purpose and questions

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2
Q

Research topics:

A
  • narrowly focused

- clearly defined focal areas related to a important complex problem

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3
Q

Identification of a research topic comes from the researcher’s:

A
  • interests
  • experience
  • coursework
  • academic background
  • talking with profs, grad students
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4
Q

In order to choose a research topic, you need to be familiar with…

A
  • existing research

- critical review of what has been done, what’s missing, strengths, weaknesses

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5
Q

What are the 5 things to consider when drafting your topic into a problem?

A
  • specifics of the topic
  • populations
  • time periods
  • locations
  • theory and practice applications
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6
Q

The research problem represents the ____ ____ for the study.

A

foundational need

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7
Q

The research problem describes ….

A
  • the context for the study

- issues that exist in literature, theory, or practice

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8
Q

The research problem answers the question….

A

“Why does this research need to be conducted?”

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9
Q

What is the most important step in writing your research problem, and how can we accomplish it?

A
  • gain knowledge about what is already known on the topic
  • research review papers
  • meta-analysis
  • textbook chapters
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10
Q

Name some reasons why a topic has not been explored.

A
  • limited scope or interest
  • too challenging to study appropriately
  • takes to much time
  • not feasible
  • unethical
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11
Q

Your research problem should be:

A
  • challenging, but neither too difficult or too easy
  • worthwhile and important
  • feasible (time, expertise, resources)
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12
Q

Generally, research problems can have _____, _____, and _____ bases.

A
  • descriptive
  • predictive
  • explanation
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13
Q

Descriptive base for research problem:

A
  • need for describing a phenomenon, event, condition, or circumstance
  • no attempt is made to link info or explain outcomes
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14
Q

Give an example for using descriptive base for research problem.

A

describing PA among adults in Canada

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15
Q

Predictive base for research problem:

A
  • need to identify relationships among variables

- may be able to propose a direction of relationship (certain variables may predict an outcome)

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16
Q

Variables:

A

attributes or characteristics that may vary over time or across cases

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17
Q

Give an example of using predictive base for research problem.

A
  • many risk factors for sports injury
  • training, ROM, anxiety, environment, sport
  • researchers can combine these to assess this person’s risk of injury
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18
Q

Explanation base for research problem:

A
  • make claims about cause and effect

- attempt to answer problems of why events and behaviours happen

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19
Q

Give an example of using explanation base for research problem.

A

advances in sport equipment, why it happened

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20
Q

Theory:

A
  • explanation of observed patterns

- supposition about a relationship among phenomena

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21
Q

Theory is generally derived from:

A
  • observations
  • experimentation
  • reflective thinking
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22
Q

Theory is composed of:

A

verifiable, testable statements or propositions

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23
Q

Theory often includes…

A

relational statements that connect 2 or more variables

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24
Q

Theory of planned behaviour:

A

exercise can be directly explained by one’s intentions to engage in the behaviour

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25
Q

What is the problem with the theory of planned behaviour?

A
  • intention to behaviour gap

- some people don’t exercise even thought they have every intention to and have high perceptions of behavioural control

26
Q

Fitts’ law:

A
  • characterization of human movement used by researchers in motor control and learning
  • speed accuracy trade off occurs
27
Q

Use of theory in the development of the problem will differ depending on…

A

the researchers’ philosophical worldviews and research approach

28
Q

How is theory used in quantitative approaches?

A

generally used to guide the entire research process

29
Q

How is theory used in qualitative approaches?

A
  • may be used to inform the research problem and purpose

- can e used as an outcome during the research process (gathering of data informs a theory)

30
Q

What are the 2 types of reasoning?

A
  • inductive

- deductive

31
Q

Inductive reasoning:

A

using observations of specific events and circumstances to make predictions about general principles that are tied together and united into theory

32
Q

Deductive reasoning:

A
  • start with concrete generalized information often contained within a theory
  • use this information to explain specific events or circumstances
33
Q

What is lit review?

A

synopsis of what researchers know based on studies that have already been done on similar, relevant topics

34
Q

What is the purpose of a lit review?

A

situate the current study within an ongoing textual discussion/dialogue

35
Q

In the lit review, we should try to include critical papers that:

A
  • justify your chosen topic
  • narrate the problem
  • identify complementary and juxtaposing perspectives
36
Q

What are the 2 sections of research that are important to pay attention to?

A
  • abstract

- discussion

37
Q

What are 2 ways of organizing the literature?

A
  • literature map

- annotated bibliography

38
Q

What are the 3 main parts of a lit review?

A
  • introduction
  • body
  • conclusion
39
Q

Describe the introduction to a lit review.

A
  • creates interest, sell your idea
  • context
  • 1 paragraph
  • summarize stats
  • identify variables/phenomena
40
Q

Key variables:

A

important focus in a quantitative study

41
Q

Central phenomena:

A
  • main concept

- key construct or focal area

42
Q

Describe the body to a lit review.

A
  • what is/isn’t known
  • logical flow of ideas
  • key variables/central phenomenon
  • sample
  • context
  • historical period
  • say why your topic hasn’t been done
  • summary
43
Q

Describe the conclusion to a lit review.

A
  • summary of existing studies

- ends with purpose statement, research questions, and/or hypothesis

44
Q

What is the main goal of a lit review?

A

identify the gaps in the literature (deficiencies) that set the foundation for the current research study

45
Q

What is the most important statement in research study?

A

purpose statement

46
Q

6 study variables:

A
  • independent variable
  • dependent variable
  • moderator variable
  • control variables
  • mediator variable
  • extraneous variables
47
Q

Independent variable:

A
  • variable that is manipulated (treatment variable)
  • when the problem is founded on prediction, the IV is also identified as the predictor or correlate
  • ex. playing surface
48
Q

Dependent variable:

A
  • variable that is being affected
  • represents the outcome being assessed as a result of the IVs
  • DV often the main focus of the study (researchers are interested in changing)
  • ex. sports injury
49
Q

Moderator variable:

A
  • AKA categorical variable, effect moderator
  • variable of interest that can’t be manipulated
  • common: sex, race/ethnicity
50
Q

Control variables:

A
  • variables that could influence the outcome or results of the study
  • measured variables
  • not a main focus
  • ex. level of competition, type of athletic footwear
51
Q

Mediator variable:

A
  • variable that is proposed to at least partially explain the relationship between an independent and dependent variable
  • ex. playing surface as mediator in relationship between weather conditions and sport injury
52
Q

Extraneous variables:

A
  • unmeasured variables
  • not controlled
  • often ID in the discussion where researchers attempt to make sense of their findings
  • often measured in future studies
  • ex. FMS, flexibility, psychological variables can influence risk of injuries
53
Q

Central phenomenon is used in ______ study.

A

qualitative

54
Q

What is the aim of the central phenomenon?

A

aim to advance one’s understanding of it rather than trying to understand associations among variables or comparing groups

55
Q

____ _____ will help to ID what variables or central phenomenon should be studied. Pay close attention to the ____ sections.

A
  • lit searches, theories

- discussion, future directions

56
Q

Hypothesis:

A

prediction that is derived from theory, literature, or speculation about the outcome of a study

57
Q

Research hypothesis:

A
  • AKA alternative hypothesis
  • quantitative
  • statement about what group might have higher scores
  • research studies conducted to test the hypothesis
  • results of the study either refute or support the research hypothesis
58
Q

Null hypothesis:

A
  • independent and dependent variables are not related

- there are no significant differences between groups

59
Q

Research questions are often used in _____ studies.

A

qualitative

60
Q

Research question:

A
  • broad inquiry statement about the central phenomenon

- questions that can be asked at the broadest level of a study

61
Q

We should typically ask ____ research questions, each of which can be followed up with a few ______.

A
  • one or two

- sub-questions

62
Q

In a mixed methods study, the elements of ____ and _____ are combined.

A
  • research hypotheses

- research questions

KIN 209 (21 decks)

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