Chapter 1 Flashcards
Science:
- Discovery of knowledge
- A process of careful and systematic inquiry
- The formation of a theory that is based on the facts
Research
- a specific method used to discover the knowledge
- a structured way of solving problems
- refers to the discovery of facts
How do quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research designs differ?
- Underlying assumptions
- Types of questions asked
- Specific methods used
- Type of data that results
- Subsequent analysis of the data
Quantitative research keywords:
- generation of numerical data
- precision = validity
- objective
- large sample sizes
- measurement of variables
- stats
Quantitative research is best suited to questions related to:
- the testing of theory
- status on variables
- differences among groups
- relationships among variables
What are some commonly measured variables in quantitative research?
- PA
- BP
- muscular strength
- endurance
- flexibility
When would a quantitative study not require large sample sizes?
- experimental studies
- requires a great deal of time and resources
- tests the effectiveness of treatments, programs, or interventions
Qualitative research:
based on the generation and interpretation of non-numerical data
3 main sources of data in qualitative research:
- open-ended interviews
- direct observation
- written documents
- increased use of arts-based research methods for data collection
Qualitative research is well suited to ….
understanding peoples’ meanings of experience
The design of qualitative research studies are ____ and _____.
emergent and flexible
The data of qualitative research studies are collected…
in the participants’ natural setting
In qualitative studies, _____ are generated from the data collected.
themes
Why is the sample size much smaller in qualitative studies?
focus on understanding the complexity of peoples’ experience
The results of a qualitative study can be:
- written in journal articles
- poems
- theatre
- musical performance
Mixed methods research combines….
quantitative and qualitative research methods
Name some of the forms that mixed methods research can take.
- Research designs that prioritize either one or both of quantitative and qualitative methods
- Research designs in which quantitative and qualitative methods are conducted either simultaneously or following the other
- Programs of research in which both quantitative and qualitative studies are conducted over a longer period of time
Mixed methods can be used to answer a ______ research question.
broader
Mixed methods is used by researchers who see value in…
using both quantitative and qualitative data to answer their research questions
Give some examples of sources.
- measurement of physiological variables
- one-on-one interviews
- arts-based methods
Research ____ and _____ employed in a study are linked.
- approach
- methods
Philosophical worldview:
a set of beliefs related to her or his general orientation of the world and the nature of research
Philosophical worldview dictates…
what a researcher believes (or doesn’t believe) counts as knowledge
2 concepts that align closely with a philosophical worldview are ______ and ______.
- ontology
- epistemology
Ontology:
- belief in the nature of truth and reality
- general orientation to the world
- whether things exist or not exist
- what things are
Give an example of ontology.
if we accept that there is an objective physical reality separate from our own personal existence
Epistemology:
- belief about how we acquire knowledge about that truth and reality (and whether we should go about acquiring that knowledge)
- nature of research
- the way we know things
Give an example of epistemology.
valuing personal experience in the quest for knowledge
Various types of research depends largely on their _____, rather than simply not understanding a particular method.
epistemology
5 worldviews:
- postpositivism
- constructivism
- pragmatism
- transformative
- two-eyed seeing
Postpositivism:
- common in kinesiology
- single reality/objective truth to be discovered through research
Postpositivism has assumptions of:
- determinsim (cause determine effects)
- reductionism (ideas can be reduced to small testable research questions
- reliance on theory to uncover objective reality
Constructivism:
- multiple realities
- meaning is varied and complex
- subjective
- socially constructed
- seek complexity of views
- qualitative
- open-ended
- interactions
How do constructivists say that realities are socially constructed?
individuals engage with their world and make sense of it based on their own personal, social, cultural, and historical perspectives
Give and example of constructivism.
- no distinct set of motions that are similarly experienced by all people
- instead view the experience of emotions as unique to each individual
- what you experience as competitive anxiety might be different from what someone else experiences
Pragmatism:
- concerned with solutions to problems
- no commitment to any single notion of reality
- truth, knowledge, application
- nature of reality is important, but willing to set those aside in their research
- incorporate all types of approaches that are appropriate and necessary for their research
Transformative:
- connected with politics
- action agenda to advocate for marginalized peoples
- reform and change
- better the lives of the participants involved in the research
- collaborative
- mostly qualitative with some quantitative to support
Transformative can be looking at inequality based on:
- gender
- race
- ethnicity
- disability
- sexual orientation
- SES
Two-eyed seeing:
- many ways of understanding the world (some indigenous, some European)
- bringing together of knowledge
- no judgement
- all knowledge systems are equitable
- sharing
- respect, reflection, co-learning
- addresses the needs of the individuals/community
- diversity
Who introduced two-eyed seeing?
Mi’Kmaw Elders Albert and Murdena Marshall
Describe the analogy of two-eyed seeing.
- one eye seeing strengths of indigenous ways
- other eye seeing strengths of western ways
