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KIN 209 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

_____ and ____ used interchangeably.

A
  • ethics

- respect

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2
Q

Ethics policies in Canada were developed as a response to…

A

historical practices of unethical treatment of people in research

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3
Q

Give examples of historical practices of unethical treatment of people in research.

A
  • Nazi medical experiments
  • Tuskegee syphilis experiments
  • Willowbrook study
  • Texas Vampires
  • Nutrition studies in Canada
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4
Q

What happened with Nazi medical experiments?

A
  • during WWII
  • examine the limits of human endurance at extremely high altitudes
  • placed in low pressure chambers
  • often led to severe injury or death
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5
Q

What did the Nazi medical experiments lead to?

A
  • Nuremberg Code (1947)

- 10 commandments of ethical human medical research

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6
Q

What happened with the Tuskegee syphilis experiments?

A
  • Alabama 1932-1972
  • examined the effects of untreated syphilis among 400 black men
  • Penicillin identified as treatment in 1950s, but studies continued
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7
Q

What happened with the Willowbrook study?

A
  • new residents of the Willowbrook institute for people with intellectual impairments were unknowingly /systematically infected with hep virus
  • researchers said the patients would eventually contract the disease anyway
  • claimed that purposefully infecting the patients would provide opportunities for researcher to monitor the course of the disease = less complications
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8
Q

What happened with the Texas Vampires?

A
  • Baylor College of Medicine in Texas
  • study in Newfoundland and Labrador
  • studying family members who had a greater than average risk for a genetic heart
  • vampires: bled participants to collect their DNA then vanished without sharing results
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9
Q

What happened with the nutrition research in Canada?

A
  • 1940s-1950s
  • Indigenous children denied basic health care and dietary requirements
  • more than 1000 children in residential schools were given less than half their daily nutritional requirements
  • used as the baseline
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10
Q

TCPS 2 stands for:

A

2nd edition of the “Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Researchers Involving Humans)

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11
Q

TCPS 2 was developed to ensure that…

A

all studies respect humans

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12
Q

What are the 3 core principles of TCPS 2?

A
  • respect for persons
  • concern for welfare
  • justice
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13
Q

What does respect for persons of the TCPS 2 include?

A
  • intrinsic value of human beings
  • obligation to respect the autonomy of individuals who are directly involved in research as participants
  • includes those whose data (eg. biological materials) are used in research
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14
Q

What does concern for welfare of the TCPS 2 include?

A
  • quality of that person’s experience of life
  • ensuring the benefits of participation outweigh the risks
  • ex. physical pain, emotional discomfort
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15
Q

What does ‘justice’ of the TCPS 2 include?

A
  • obligation to treat people fairly and equitably

- certain groups are often treated unequitably and unfairly in research (ex. children, prisoners, elderly)

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16
Q

What are the 2 important ethical standards?

A
  • researchers need to provide the necessary protection of participants
  • research needs to result in shared benefits, whereby the research meets the needs and priorities of both researchers and participants
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17
Q

All Canadian universities that govern research have their own ______.

A

Research Ethics Board (REB)

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18
Q

Biohazard:

A
  • any organism, or its derivative that could negatively influence another organism
  • ex. blood, sweat, saliva
  • need to consider how to handle, store, and dispose
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19
Q

Researchers might need to adhere to ______ or _____ ethics policies. Give examples.

A
  • organization or community-specific
  • ex. hospital based research requires medical institution ethical clearance
  • ex. studies in NWT need Scientific Research Licence (familiar with traditions and cultures of local communities)
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20
Q

Researchers need to consider if there are any conflicts of interests that could arise from…

A

their proposed question and purpose at the beginning of their study

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21
Q

Conflicts of interests might occur when the study…

A

places researches (or the university they are associated with) in a conflict with their duties related to research, persona, or institutional interests

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22
Q

Give an example of conflicts of interest.

A

researcher’s economic investments or interpersonal relationships

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23
Q

What does article 7.4 of the TCPS2 say?

A
  • in research proposals submitted to REB, researchers have to disclose any perceived conflicts of interest (individual, institutional) that they are aware of
  • REB will determine appropriate steps to manage it
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24
Q

What happened in 1996 with Nancy Olivieri?

A
  • Researcher with U of T and Hospital of Sick Children
  • Clinical trials to test a drug that could treat blood disorders
  • Found evidence of unexpected medical risks
  • Told REB and pharmaceutical company
  • REB told her to tell participants
  • Pharmaceutical company said she signed a confidentiality agreement
  • Olivieri told participants, trials were terminated
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25
Q

Discuss the ethics of the Olivieri case.

A
  • participants had the right to know (process of consent)
  • had responsibility to tell them (concern for welfare)
  • pharmaceutical company had interests in protecting the drug
  • public interested in ethical integrity of research
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26
Q

What are the keywords in process of consent?

A
  • free
  • informed
  • ongoing
  • voluntary
  • withdrawn at any time
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27
Q

How does TCPS 2 feel about offering participants incentives for participation?

A
  • neither discourages or promotes

- incentives shouldn’t be so large that they forget about the risks of the study

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28
Q

What happens when the intended participants of the study lack the capacity to understand their rights and potential consequences of their participation? Typically, who are these people?

A
  • children, those with permanent intellectual impairment
  • consent from authorized third parties must be sought and maintained
  • might also need participant assent (approval) or willingness to participate
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29
Q

When might partial disclosure or deception be necessary?

A
  • in research that seeks to understand how people respond or behave in certain situations
  • common in bias research
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30
Q

What 4 conditions that need to be followed when using partial disclosure or deception?

A
  • must be able to demonstrate that the study does not involve more than minimal risk to the participants
  • welfare of participants is not adversely affected because of the alteration of consent
  • must show that partial disclosure or deception is necessary to answer the research questions/conduct the study
  • need debriefing or full disclosure to be provided at the conclusion of the study
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31
Q

Privacy:

A
  • their right to be free from intrusion of others

- researchers must consider how they will work to protect the privacy of participants

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32
Q

Confidentiality:

A

researchers’ obligation to safeguard entrusted information

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33
Q

Respect for privacy requires that researchers…

A

treat participants in a confidential manner

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34
Q

What is article 5.1 in the TCPS2?

A
  • researchers shall safeguard information entrusted to them, not misuse or wrongfully disclose it
  • institutions need to support their researchers
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35
Q

In the design of the study, researchers need to outline the strategies that will be used to …

A

safeguard personal information

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36
Q

Give examples of how researchers can safeguard personal information.

A
  • participants might be given identifiers (code, pseudonym)
  • paper copies need to be stored in a locked location
  • electronic files need to be password protected
  • paper documents need to be shredded when no longer needed
37
Q

Why can’t privacy and confidentiality always be controlled?

A
  • ex. focus groups

- ex. qualitative study: some want pseudonyms, some want to be recognized

38
Q

Why are many Indigenous people distrustful of research?

A

it has been used with colonialists practices that have resulted in exploitation

39
Q

What happened in 1980 arthritis study?

A
  • collection of blood samples from first nations
  • found out their blood was used for other research purposes, including isolation of mitochondrial DNA for determining ancestry
40
Q

Describe how there is no single good ethics policy to guide researchers.

A
  • certain policies are commonly used
  • certain communities might have their own specific ethics policies to guide research conducted with members of their community (researcher’s responsibility to adhere to these)
41
Q

Justice:

A

treating people equitably and fairly

42
Q

When can justice be compromised?

A

when there is a real (or perceived) power imbalance between the researcher and participants

43
Q

What is important to know when it comes to Indigenous people and justice?

A

need to know historical practices that might impact justice in current studies

44
Q

Name 2 special ethical considerations for research with Indigenous people.

A
  • requirement of community engagement with Indigenous people is necessary under certain conditions
  • respect for community customs and codes of practices
45
Q

OCAP principles:

A
  • ownership
  • control
  • access
  • possession
46
Q

Ownership:

A
  • acknowledges relationship between a FN community and its cultural information or data
  • any information collected from FN peoples is owned by the community
47
Q

Control:

A

FN peoples and respective communities have the right to control all aspects of research that impact them

48
Q

Access:

A

FN people have the right to access any information about themselves regardless of where the information is held

49
Q

Possession:

A

rights of FN peoples to physically possess all and any research data that are collected

50
Q

Why is animal research extensively used in kinesiology research?

A
  • provides unique insight into biological structure and function
  • understand how the body functions in states of health and disease
51
Q

CCAC:

A

Canadian Council on Animal Care

52
Q

CCAC developed…

A

nationally/internationally recognized policy statements for the experimental care and use of animals in research

53
Q

What are the 3 Rs?

A
  • replace
  • reduce
  • refine
54
Q

Replace:

A

avoid or replace the use of animals wherever possible

55
Q

Reduce:

A
  • employ strategies that will result in fewer animals being used
  • consistent with sound experimental design
56
Q

Refine:

A

modify husbandry or experimental procedures to minimize pain and stress

57
Q

In ethical decision making, we are looking to minimize _____ and maximize _____ to the….

A
  • damage
  • benefit
  • community, profession, career
58
Q

Ethical dilemma:

A
  • a situation that requires ethical action
  • no clearly correct ethical choice
  • the professional is required to do two (or more) things, if she does one thing, she cannot do the other
59
Q

Ethical residue:

A

wondering whether the correct choice was made

60
Q

Why doesn’t the fear of making wrong decisions absolve professionals from making choices in ethical dilemmas?

A

the choice not to act is itself an ethical decision

61
Q

9 steps for ethical decision making in Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists:

A
  • develop ethical sensitivity
  • consult code of ethics
  • search ethics literature
  • develop self-awareness
  • apply ethical principles
  • develop alternative courses of action
  • consult with colleagus
  • take action
  • reflect upon the results of your actions
62
Q

To develop ethical sensitivity, we need to recognize that…

A

choices we make as professionals affect other people

63
Q

To develop ethical sensitivity, we need to consider…

A
  • who would be affected by either decision

- recognize this early, be proactive (explain confidentiality and limitations at first meetings)

64
Q

The codes of ethics are designed specifically to…

A

offer a guide to professionals in their ethical decision making

65
Q

The codes of ethics helps ensure ______ of a profession.

A

credibility

66
Q

The codes of ethics offers ______ for the clients they serve.

A

protection

67
Q

The codes of ethics can’t cover all situations, and therefore need to be…

A

interpreted, modified, applied

68
Q

What types of ethics literature should we be searching?

A
  • ethics texts and journal articles

- Ethics for the Practice of Psychology in Canada

69
Q

When would it be useful to search ethics literature?

A

when a profession’s code of ethics doesn’t adequately address the specifics of a situation

70
Q

Developing self-awareness includes …

A

knowing the bias you bring to the situation

71
Q

Why should we apply ethical principles?

A
  • ethical principles help to shape most codes of ethics

- ethical principles underlie many ethical standards in research

72
Q

What are the 6 common ethical principles?

A
  • autonomy
  • nonmaleficence
  • beneficence
  • justice
  • fidelity
  • veracity
73
Q

Autonomy:

A

freedom to make one’s own choices and take actions based on one’s own personal values and beliefs

74
Q

Nonmaleficence:

A

obligation not to inflict harm upon others intentionally

75
Q

Beneficence:

A

obligation to act for the benefit of others

76
Q

Justice:

A

fair, equitable, and appropriate treatment of others

77
Q

Fidelity:

A

fulfilling one’s responsibilities of trust

78
Q

Veracity:

A

truthfulness

79
Q

Conflict among ethical principles often make it an ____ _____.

A

ethical dilemma

80
Q

How can we develop alternative courses of action?

A
  • clearly detail the probable costs and benefits of each possible action
  • all options should be brainstormed (can lead to unique situations)
81
Q

Developing alternative courses of action is a chance to …

A

reflect on who might be affected in the situation, how each action will influence them

82
Q

Why should we consult with colleagues?

A
  • can offer perspectives and options that you haven’t considered
  • can provide a more objective lens
  • help protect against decisions that are closely entwined with personal bias or conflicts of interest
83
Q

What do we have to consider when consulting with colleagues?

A
  • other ethical issues in the consultation process

- do not disclose the identity of your client

84
Q

When consulting with colleagues, it is good to consult with _____.

A

ethics boards of professionals (REBs)

85
Q

Taking action includes:

A
  • implementing the chosen action plan
  • informing the people who are going to be affected
  • commitment to assume responsibility for actions
86
Q

Why is it a good idea to document the ethical decision making process?

A
  • can help in defence of actions taken

- shows awareness and commitment

87
Q

When reflecting upon the results of your actions, your actions should be consistent with….

A

what someone demonstrating outstanding ethical virtues would characteristically do

88
Q

Ethical virtues qualities:

A
  • compassion
  • discernment
  • trustworthiness
  • integrity
  • conscientiousness
89
Q

____ ____ should govern all ethical decision making, regardless of…..

A
  • ethical virtues

- whether the situation is covered in a code of ethics

KIN 209 (21 decks)

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