Lecture 11

Question 1

Which philosophical worldview is often associated with qualitative research?

Answer 1

• constructivism (multiple realities/multiple meanings)

- will often ask the questions that will lead to qualitative design

Question 2

Defining features of qualitative design:

Answer 2

• generation of non-numerical data
• smaller sample sizes
• typically occurs in a natural setting
• researchers are key instruments
• research questions/processes are emergent
• requires researcher flexibility
• driven more by research questions rather than hypothesis
• can generate theory (rather than theory testing)
• interviews, observations etc.
• themes often generated

Question 3

Data collection or data generation? Which term is becoming increasingly common with qualitative research? Why?

Answer 3

• data generation
• emergent nature, working alongside with participants
• can’t go in and collect info from their brain, you have to work with them to generate the data

Question 4

Qualitative study designs are also referred to as…

Answer 4

qualitative strategies of inquiry

Question 5

Qualitative study design will guide….

Answer 5

• sampling
• data generation
• data analysis

Question 6

Each qualitative study design has _____ _____, but also ______ across designs.

Answer 6

• unique features

- similarities

Question 7

Methodological coherence:

Answer 7

• coherence of study, study design

- critical to determine if study is of any quality or not

Question 8

The big 6 strategies of inquiry:

Answer 8

• narrative
• ethnography
• phenomenology
• case study
• grounded theory
• qualitative description

Question 9

Narrative focuses on the _____ of individuals.

Answer 9

stories

Question 10

In narrative, _____ are used to …

Answer 10

• stories

- bring understanding or meaning to the experiences of individuals

Question 11

In narrative, individual stories serve as a representation of…

Answer 11

broader social experiences

Question 12

In narrative, stories can be analyzed in ____ _____ or ____ ____.

Answer 12

• great depth

- stand alone

Question 13

Example of narrative:

Answer 13

a study to understand how a group of mature natural body builders resisted the narrative of decline/aging body

Question 14

Typical methods for narrative:

Answer 14

• in-depth and unstructured/conversational interviews

- may also use observation and journaling

Question 15

Ethnographers are driven by questions that seek to _____ ______ or ____ _____.

Answer 15

• understand cultures

- cultural groups

Question 16

In ethnography, researchers focus on…

Answer 16

describing and interpreting shared features of a cultural group

Question 17

Traditionally in ethnography, researchers would ….

Answer 17

immerse themselves into the culture

Question 18

Example of ethnography:

Answer 18

a study to explore the culture of long distance bike commuting

Question 19

Typical methods of ethnography:

Answer 19

• participant observation

- may also use interviews and documents (eg. poetry, art)

Question 20

Phenomenology is the study of a _____ or a ______ through the exploration of _____ _____.

Answer 20

• phenomenon
• concept
• lived experiences

Question 21

Phenomenology can take a variety of forms including:

Answer 21

• interpretative phenomenological analysis

- empirical phenomenology

Question 22

Example of phenomenology:

Answer 22

a study to describe and interpret the positive body image experiences of women activity involved in pole fitness

Question 23

Typical methods of phenomenology:

Answer 23

• multiple in-depth interviews

- may also include observations/fieldnotes, diaries

Question 24

Key piece in phenomenology:

Answer 24

interviews

Question 25

Difference between ethnography and phenomenology:

Answer 25

- phenomenology: interviews are central | - ethnography: observation is central/primary

Question 26

Bracketing:

Answer 26

researcher needs to set aside their own experiences so that they don't influence the study, type of questions asked, the way you ask questions, the follow up questions asked etc.

Question 27

Is bracketing possible?

Answer 27

no, but you can acknowledge them and keep them in check

Question 28

Case study is focused on studying the _____ and ________ of a case within _____ ______.

Answer 28

- complexity - distinctiveness - important circumstances

Question 29

In a case study, the case or "______ _____" is bound by _____ and ____.

Answer 29

- bounded system | - time and place (eg. people, teams, events)

Question 30

Case studies can be categorized as either:

Answer 30

- instrumental case study - intrinsic case study - collective case study

Question 31

Instrumental case study:

Answer 31

focused on a case to understand an issue

Question 32

Intrinsic case study:

Answer 32

focus on the case itself, not necessarily a broader social issue

Question 33

Collective case study:

Answer 33

can be instrumental or intrinsic - more than one type

Question 34

Example of case study:

Answer 34

a study to examine a high school ice hockey program that was designed to teach life skills and values to players

Question 35

Typically "extensive" methods in case studies:

Answer 35

- interviews - visual methods - document analysis - observations

Question 36

Grounded theory is focused on the ______ and _____ of data to _____ ___ ______.

Answer 36

- generation - analysis - construct a theory

Question 37

Grounded theory has quite ____ sample sizes (___ participants).

Answer 37

- big | - 50

Question 38

Grounded theory uses ____ strategies, which is...

Answer 38

- iterative | - generating data to analysis and back and forth between them

Question 39

Key for grounded theory:

Answer 39

multiple one-on-one interviews

Question 40

Define theory:

Answer 40

a general explanation of an event, process, action, or phenomenon

Question 41

Data saturation:

Answer 41

researchers have interviewed people until no new knowledge is shared

Question 42

Is data saturation possible?

Answer 42

based on the understanding of notion of reality, we can't reach a level of data saturation

Question 43

Example of grounded theory:

Answer 43

grounded theory of PYD through sport

Question 44

Typical methods for grounded theory:

Answer 44

one-on-one interviews

Question 45

Qualitative description is used when ...

Answer 45

researchers want to develop a comprehensive description and summary of a phenomenon or event

Question 46

Qualitative description involves relatively little _______ (compared to other designs).

Answer 46

interpretation

Question 47

Qualitative description results in a description of the _______ in "_____ _____"

Answer 47

- phenomenon | - everyday language

Question 48

Qualitative description is often used in areas that are relatively _______.

Answer 48

understudied

Question 49

Challenge of qualitative description:

Answer 49

- can take on "hues, tones" of other designs | - draws from other qualitative study designs

Question 50

Example of qualitative description:

Answer 50

a study to explore the outcome expectations (and perceived outcomes) by previously sedentary adults who completed a year-long exercise program

Question 51

Typical methods of qualitative description:

Answer 51

can take on the "hues, tones" of other designs

Question 52

Name the qualitative study design: Nine community organizations from across Canada were selected to participate in this study that focused on exploring the role of microgrants (i.e., small grant or sum of money) in enhancing physical activity opportunities for Canadian adolescents.

Answer 52

- case study | - each of these places bound by place, time

Question 53

Name the qualitative study design: The purpose of this research was to understand the leisure experiences, and to understand the meaning given to those experiences, of older adults with and without impairments who attended a community-based senior citizens’ recreation program

Answer 53

- phenomenology | - understand the experiences and meaning given to those experiences

Question 54

Name the qualitative study design: the purpose of this research was to provide a detailed description of the cultural factors that facilitate the participation of Canadian South Asians in cardiac rehabilitation.

Answer 54

- ethnography or qualitative description | - cultural factors and detailed description

Question 55

Name the qualitative study design: using semi-structured interviews and focus groups with youth tennis players, ex-youth players, coaches, and parents, the purpose of this research was to develop a theory of optimal parental involvement in youth sport tennis.

Answer 55

grounded theory