Lecture 11 Flashcards
Which philosophical worldview is often associated with qualitative research?
- constructivism (multiple realities/multiple meanings)
- will often ask the questions that will lead to qualitative design
Defining features of qualitative design:
- generation of non-numerical data
- smaller sample sizes
- typically occurs in a natural setting
- researchers are key instruments
- research questions/processes are emergent
- requires researcher flexibility
- driven more by research questions rather than hypothesis
- can generate theory (rather than theory testing)
- interviews, observations etc.
- themes often generated
Data collection or data generation? Which term is becoming increasingly common with qualitative research? Why?
- data generation
- emergent nature, working alongside with participants
- can’t go in and collect info from their brain, you have to work with them to generate the data
Qualitative study designs are also referred to as…
qualitative strategies of inquiry
Qualitative study design will guide….
- sampling
- data generation
- data analysis
Each qualitative study design has _____ _____, but also ______ across designs.
- unique features
- similarities
Methodological coherence:
- coherence of study, study design
- critical to determine if study is of any quality or not
The big 6 strategies of inquiry:
- narrative
- ethnography
- phenomenology
- case study
- grounded theory
- qualitative description
Narrative focuses on the _____ of individuals.
stories
In narrative, _____ are used to …
- stories
- bring understanding or meaning to the experiences of individuals
In narrative, individual stories serve as a representation of…
broader social experiences
In narrative, stories can be analyzed in ____ _____ or ____ ____.
- great depth
- stand alone
Example of narrative:
a study to understand how a group of mature natural body builders resisted the narrative of decline/aging body
Typical methods for narrative:
- in-depth and unstructured/conversational interviews
- may also use observation and journaling
Ethnographers are driven by questions that seek to _____ ______ or ____ _____.
- understand cultures
- cultural groups
In ethnography, researchers focus on…
describing and interpreting shared features of a cultural group
Traditionally in ethnography, researchers would ….
immerse themselves into the culture
Example of ethnography:
a study to explore the culture of long distance bike commuting
Typical methods of ethnography:
- participant observation
- may also use interviews and documents (eg. poetry, art)
Phenomenology is the study of a _____ or a ______ through the exploration of _____ _____.
- phenomenon
- concept
- lived experiences
Phenomenology can take a variety of forms including:
- interpretative phenomenological analysis
- empirical phenomenology
Example of phenomenology:
a study to describe and interpret the positive body image experiences of women activity involved in pole fitness
Typical methods of phenomenology:
- multiple in-depth interviews
- may also include observations/fieldnotes, diaries
Key piece in phenomenology:
interviews
Difference between ethnography and phenomenology:
- phenomenology: interviews are central
- ethnography: observation is central/primary
Bracketing:
researcher needs to set aside their own experiences so that they don’t influence the study, type of questions asked, the way you ask questions, the follow up questions asked etc.
Is bracketing possible?
no, but you can acknowledge them and keep them in check
Case study is focused on studying the _____ and ________ of a case within _____ ______.
- complexity
- distinctiveness
- important circumstances
In a case study, the case or “______ _____” is bound by _____ and ____.
- bounded system
- time and place (eg. people, teams, events)
Case studies can be categorized as either:
- instrumental case study
- intrinsic case study
- collective case study
Instrumental case study:
focused on a case to understand an issue
Intrinsic case study:
focus on the case itself, not necessarily a broader social issue
Collective case study:
can be instrumental or intrinsic - more than one type
Example of case study:
a study to examine a high school ice hockey program that was designed to teach life skills and values to players
Typically “extensive” methods in case studies:
- interviews
- visual methods
- document analysis
- observations
Grounded theory is focused on the ______ and _____ of data to _____ ___ ______.
- generation
- analysis
- construct a theory
Grounded theory has quite ____ sample sizes (___ participants).
- big
- 50
Grounded theory uses ____ strategies, which is…
- iterative
- generating data to analysis and back and forth between them
Key for grounded theory:
multiple one-on-one interviews
Define theory:
a general explanation of an event, process, action, or phenomenon
Data saturation:
researchers have interviewed people until no new knowledge is shared
Is data saturation possible?
based on the understanding of notion of reality, we can’t reach a level of data saturation
Example of grounded theory:
grounded theory of PYD through sport
Typical methods for grounded theory:
one-on-one interviews
Qualitative description is used when …
researchers want to develop a comprehensive description and summary of a phenomenon or event
Qualitative description involves relatively little _______ (compared to other designs).
interpretation
Qualitative description results in a description of the _______ in “_____ _____”
- phenomenon
- everyday language
Qualitative description is often used in areas that are relatively _______.
understudied
Challenge of qualitative description:
- can take on “hues, tones” of other designs
- draws from other qualitative study designs
Example of qualitative description:
a study to explore the outcome expectations (and perceived outcomes) by previously sedentary adults who completed a year-long exercise program
Typical methods of qualitative description:
can take on the “hues, tones” of other designs
Name the qualitative study design: Nine community organizations from across
Canada were selected to participate in this study that focused on exploring the role of microgrants (i.e., small grant or sum of money) in enhancing physical activity opportunities for Canadian
adolescents.
- case study
- each of these places bound by place, time
Name the qualitative study design: The purpose of this research was to understand
the leisure experiences, and to understand the meaning given to those experiences, of older adults with and without impairments who attended a community-based senior citizens’ recreation
program
- phenomenology
- understand the experiences and meaning given to those experiences
Name the qualitative study design: the purpose of this research was to provide a detailed description of the cultural factors that facilitate the participation of Canadian South Asians in cardiac rehabilitation.
- ethnography or qualitative description
- cultural factors and detailed description
Name the qualitative study design: using semi-structured interviews and focus groups with youth tennis players, ex-youth players, coaches, and parents, the purpose of this research was to develop a theory of optimal parental involvement in youth sport tennis.
grounded theory
