PAPER 3 > SPORT AND SOCIETY Flashcards
PRE-INDUSTRIAL TIME PERIOD
1750 - 1850
POST INDUSTRIAL TIME PERIOD
1851 - 1900
PUBLIC SCHOOL TIME PERIOD
19th century
[ 1800’s ]
TWENTIETH CENTURY
1900 - 2000
TWENTY FIRST CENTURY
2000 - present
POPULAR RECREATION
pre industrial Britain
RATIONAL RECREATION
post industrial Britain
PRE INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN
[ SOCIAL CLASS SYSTEM ]
distinction between the two classes [fuedal system]
> UC - gentry / aristrocrats
> LC - peasants
PRE INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN
[ SOCIAL CLASS ]
> UC - more disposable income / better travel / more participation
LC - less disposable income / too tired from work / lower wages from work
PRE INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN
[ SOCIAL CLASS ]
past times were irregular
> sport was most often violent as LC didn’t understand / preferred violence / no rules
> UC - followed codified rules / education allowed for them to understand
PRE INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN
[ GENDER ]
women had a smaller role in sport than the men
PRE INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN
[ WHAT SPORTS DID WOMEN PLAY ]
> bat and ball races
> smock races - win dress
PRE INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN
[ WHAT SPORTS DID MEN PLAY ]
more practical / all sports
violent / sense of perceiving masculinity
> mob football / rugby
PRE INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN
[ LAW AND ORDER ]
cruel and violent aspects
> harsh living conditions
PRE INDUSTRAIL BRITAIN
[ LOWER CLASS - LAW AND ORDER ]
violence was apparent in everything they did - including sports
PRE INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN
[ UPPER CLASS - LAW AND ORDER ]
saw lower class activities as beneath them and didn’t want to be associated
PRE INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN
[ SPORTS PLAYED BY LOWER CLASS ]
> mob football
dog fighting
animal baiting
bare knuckle fighting
PRE INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN
[ UPPER CLASS - EDUCATION AND LITERACY ]
> went to school > have money and disposable income > kids went to school > kids get to play sports > have more opportunities
PRE INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN
[ LOWER CLASS - EDUCATION ]
> don't go to school > no money > no education > have to work instead > must help support their families so give up education
PRE INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN
[ LOWER CLASS - LITERACY ]
> high levels of illiteracy
needed rules that were simple and easy to understand
violence
PRE INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN
[ LOWER CLASS - AVAILABILITY OF TIME ]
> sport was only occasionally played due to their long working hours
irregular past times - only played on holiday / holy days
limited time had a small contribution to sport being local due to the lack of time to get others to participate
PRE INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN
[ UPPER CLASS - AVAILABILITY OF TIME ]
> didn’t usually work
pastimes were regular
sport was used as recreation
PRE INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN
[ UPPER CLASS - AVAILABILITY OF MONEY ]
> gentry had more opportunity to wager on lower class competitors
wagering allowed them to show off how much money they have
spectated over LC as they participate
PRE INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN
[ LOWER CLASS - AVAILABILITY OF MONEY ]
> wagering gives them a chance to make their own money
PRE INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN
[ LOWER CLASS - AVAILABILITY / TYPE OF TRANSPORT ]
> local sporting events had large amounts of followers
> would have to walk everywhere
PRE INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN
[ UPPER CLASS - AVAILABILITY / TYPE OF TRANSPORT ]
> had more money and time to travel
> could afford horse and carriage
PRE INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN ACRONYM
N > natural L > local S > simple C > cruel / violent O > occasional C > courtly R > rural O > occupational W > wagering
POST INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN
rational recreational
RATIONAL RECREATION ACRONYM
R > regional / national / international C > codification R > respectable F > fair-play R > regular E > exclusive / elitist U > urban / sub-urban C > control of gambling A > amateurism / professionalism P > purpose built facilities
RATIONAL RECREATION ACRONYM RHYME
rabbits called robert frequently ride elephants usually called austin powers
INDUSTRIALISATION
saw the emergence of middle class
> offered better rates of work to people to attract them to move to the city
> mostly benefited from industrialisation
> willingness from MC and UC in terms of education and lifestyle (public schools)
RATIONAL RECREATION SCHOOLS
public school emergence
> more schools - public schools - more participation
RATIONAL RECREATION IDEAL
19th century middle class and reformers hoped to impose on the urban working class of their day > believed leisure activities should be controlled / ordered and improving qualities typically found
PRE INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN
[ LOWER CLASS - SPORTS ]
violent nature / illiterate / lacked rules / unwritten rules / no boundaries / no officials / frowned upon by employers / many injuries
RELIGIOUS OUTLOOK ON LOWER CLASS SPORTS
did not agree due to violent nature
RATIONAL RECREATION
[ SOCIAL CLASS - A&P ]
post 1850’s divide of amateurs and professionals
> LC were professionals (paid jobs)
> UC were amateurs (hobbies)
RATIONAL RECREATION
[ SOCIAL CLASS - UC OUTLOOK ]
UC wanted to prevent mixture of social classes
> increased membership fees so LC could not afford
> had different changing rooms
RATIONAL RECREATION
[ SOCIAL CLASS - FACTORIES ]
MC were the owners of factories
> employed LC
> formed sports teams through their factory
> LC professionals were scouted through factory
RATIONAL RECREATION
[ SOCIAL CLASS - LC / MC / UC ]
> LC - performers / athletes
MC - agents of LC
UC - spectators / sponsors
RATIONAL RECREATION
[ GENDER - WOMEN ]
women began to fight for equal rights to men
> women were starting to be allowed to participate more
RATIONAL RECREATION
[ GENDER - SPORTS ]
began to play lawn tennis
> leisurely rather than violent
> starting to become socially accepted
> men and women both playing sport during this time
> eliminating stereotypes created by Victorians
RATIONAL RECREATION
[ LAW AND ORDER - SPORTS ]
banned sports:
> animal baiting
> cock fighting
> bare knuckle fighting
RATIONAL RECREATION
[ LAW AND ORDER - VIOLENCE ]
society started to become less violent
> refinement of rules in certain sports and games
RATIONAL RECREATION
[ LAW AND ORDER - EDUCATION ]
education and literacy were improving
> resulting in less violence in society
> more rules within games
RATIONAL RECREATION
[ LAW AND ORDER - UC / MC ]
> UC still did not make these changes as did not want to associate with MC and LC
MC made the changes to mke workforce more productive
RATIONAL RECREATION
[ AVAILABILITY OF TIME - WORKING DAYS ]
> 12 hour days
6 days a week
allowed time to go to church / play sports
seen to make the workplace more productive
POPULAR RECREATION
[ AVAILABILITY OF TIME - WORKING DAYS ]
> 12 - 14 hour days
7 days a week
less free time
no time for recreational periods / sport / church
RATIONAL RECREATION
[ AVAILABILITY OF MONEY ]
increase in wages
> allowed for more of the population to participate / spectate sports across the country
RATIONAL RECREATION
[ AVAILABILITY / TYPE OF TRANSPORT ]
more affordable
> trains were more affordable / cheaper
> travelling further distances was possible
> able to create leagues
> people could travel to compete / spectate
RATIONAL RECREATION
[ DAYS OFF ]
> introduced bank holidays
> introduced paid holiday
RATIONAL RECREATION
[ IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSPORT ]
improvements in transport led to the shaping of
characteristics of sport post 1850
> allowed teams / individuals to travel greater distance
> allowing to play greater range of opponents
> increase in opportunities for spectators / supporters
> affordable so not only accessible for UC
RATIONAL RECREATION
[ EDUCATION ]
Education Act 1870
> Foster Act
> beginning of modern education system in UK
RATIONAL RECREATION
[ EDUCATION - SCHOOLS ]
establishment of elementary schools nationwide
> free to attend - 1891 education act
> supplement existing schools owned by churches and private individuals
RATIONAL RECREATION
[ EDUCATION - SYSTEM DELAY ]
delayed education system
> UC wanted control over masses to be more powerful than LC
RATIONAL RECREATION
[ EDUCATION - REPORTS ]
> Clareden - 1864 (nine public schools)
Taunton - 1868 (separate institutions for MC)
Newcastle - 1861 (made provision for masses)
19TH CENTURY PUBLIC SCHOOLS
[ NINE SCHOOLS ]
> rugby > eton > westminster > winchester > st pauls > merchant taylors > charterhouse > shrewsbury > harrow
19TH CENTURY PUBLIC SCHOOLS
{ PROMOTIONS ]
> promotion and organisation of sport
promotion of ethics through school
cult of athleticism
19TH CENTURY PUBLIC SCHOOLS
meaning / nature / impact / spread and export of games / game ethic
19TH CENTURY PUBLIC SCHOOLS
[ PUBLIC SCHOOLS ]
> fee paying
boarding
MC and UC boys
scholarships available
19TH CENTURY PUBLIC SCHOOLS
[ ISSUES WITH PUBLIC SCHOOLS - FAGGING SYSTEM ]
prefect ‘fagging’ system
> older children treating younger children like peasants
> year 7’s vs year 11’s
> parents were very concerned
> bullying and brutality
> parents threatening to move their children’s out of schools
> if children leave - less revenues for schools - less opportunities for children
19TH CENTURY PUBLIC SCHOOLS
[ PROMOTION AND ORGANISATION OF SPORTS ]
> space and time available
revised the fagging system
recognised regular sport to be a development of character of schoolboys
(rules/handshake)
distraction for exertion of energy in a positive way
19TH CENTURY PUBLIC SCHOOLS
[ HOUSE SYSTEM ]
introduced housing systems within schools
> sense of unity between boys
> sense of belonging
19TH CENTURY PUBLIC SCHOOLS
[ PREFECTS ]
> organise teams > organise events > older year boys > ethical well-being > respect throughout school
19TH CENTURY PUBLIC SCHOOLS
[ INTERHOUSE / INTERSCHOOL ]
organise school teams to compete against other schools and other teams within one school
19TH CENTURY PUBLIC SCHOOLS
[ IMPACT OF PROMOTION AND ORGANISATION OF SPORT ]
> healthier / regular competition > leadership / role models > key influence of linking sport and moral ethical character > healthy body / healthy mind > muscular christianity
