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A LEVEL PHYSICAL EDUCATION [OCR] > PAPER 1 > BIOMECHANICS > Flashcards

PAPER 1 > BIOMECHANICS Flashcards

1
Q

NEWTON’S FIRST LAW

[ INERTIA ]

A

a body continues at a state of rest or uniform velocity unless acted upon by an external source or unbalanced force

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2
Q

NEWTON’S SECOND LAW

A

the acceleration of a body is proportional to the force causing it and the acceleration takes place in the direction in which the force acts

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3
Q

NEWTON’S THIRD LAW

A

every action has an equal and opposite reaction

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4
Q

NEWTON’S FIRST LAW EXAMPLE

A

a rugby ball continues in a state of rest on the kicking tee until acted upon by the external source / force of Dan Carters boot

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5
Q

NEWTON’S SECOND LAW EXAMPLE

A

the acceleration of the bobsleigh is proportional to the force applied by the bobsleigh athletes and the bobsleigh accelerates in the direction which the athletes applied force to it

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6
Q

NEWTON’S THIRD LAW EXAMPLE

A

as the gymnast applies force to the beam, the beam applies an equal and opposite force to the gymnasts hands allowing her to do a back walk over

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7
Q

VELOCITY

A

the rate of change in displacement (movement) and this is a term used and closely related to speed, acceleration and time

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8
Q

VELOCITY EQUATION

A

velocity = displacement ÷ time taken

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9
Q

ACCELERATION

A

the rate change in velocity

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10
Q

ACCELERATION EQUATION

A

acceleration = (final velocity - initial velocity) ÷ time taken

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11
Q

MOMENTUM

A

the quantity of motion possessed by a moving body

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12
Q

MOMENTUM EQUATION

A

momentum = mass x velocity

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13
Q

FORCE

A

a push or pull action that alters the state of motion of a body

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14
Q

FORCE EQUATION

A

force = mass x acceleration

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15
Q

FRICTION

[ 4 MAIN FACTORS ]

A

> roughness of the ground surface
roughness of the contact surface
temperature
size of normal force (mass + acceleration)

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16
Q

FREE BODY DIAGRAMS

A 
> direction of movement 
> air resistance 
> weight 
> reaction 
> friction
> vertical forces
> horizontal forces
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17
Q

VERTICAL FORCES

A

balanced - no movement
> weight
> reaction

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18
Q

HORIZONTAL FORCES

A

unbalanced - movement
> direction of movement
> friction
> air resistance

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19
Q

BIOMECHANICAL LEVERS

[ DIFFERENT PARTS ]

A 
> fulcrum 
> load 
> effort 
> load arm 
> effort arm
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20
Q

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

A

EA > LA

> easy to lift

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21
Q

MECHANICAL DISADVANTAGE

A

LA > EA

> difficult to lift

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22
Q

BIOMECHANICS ANAGRAM

A

1 2 3

F L E

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23
Q

1ST CLASS

A

E F L

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24
Q

2ND CLASS

A

F L E

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25
Q

3RD CLASS

A

F E L

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26
Q

CENTRE OF MASS

A

the point in which a body is balanced in all directions

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27
Q

BASES OF SUPPORT

A

the point / points where the body is in contact with the surface that the body is resting on

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28
Q

LINE OF GRAVITY

A

a line extending from the centre of mass vertically down to the ground

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29
Q

TO IMPROVE STABILITY

[ CENTRE OF MASS ]

A

become lower to the ground to improve stability

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30
Q

TO IMPROVE STABILITY

[ BASES OF SUPPORT ]

A

widen their bases of support or if possible to be able to add more bases of support to improve stability

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31
Q

TO IMPROVE STABILITY

[ LINE OF GRAVITY ]

A

maintain their line of gravity straight to the floor and central to improve stability

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32
Q

LIMB KINAMATICS

A

study the movement and relationship between time and space
> 3D or optional motion analysis records of sporting actions or normal bodily movements
> joint and limb efficiency
> bone geometry / displacement / velocity / acceleration

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33
Q

WHAT DO LIMB KINAMATICS DO

A

record / capture / convert the motion shown by reflective markers

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34
Q

WHERE ARE LIMB KINAMATICS POSITIONED ON THE BODY

A

placed on body joints and bony landmarks

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35
Q

USED ON WHAT SKILL TYPES

A

golf swing / football kick

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36
Q

LIMB KINAMATICS ADVANTAGES

A

> accurate
prevents injury
improves technique

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37
Q

LIMB KINAMATICS DISADVANTAGES

A 
> requires accuracy in positioning 
> do not cater for specific individuals 
> expensive 
> highly specialised 
> largely limited 
> lab conditions
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38
Q

FORCE PLATES

A

ground reaction forces

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39
Q

WHAT DO FORCE PLATES DO / WHERE ARE THEY USED

A

measures the ground reaction forces

> measured in laboratory conditions

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40
Q

WHAT ARE FORCE PLATES

A

measures size of force and time the force is applied

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41
Q

WIND TUNNELS TEST

A

they test for aerodynamic efficiency

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42
Q

FUNCTION OF WIND TUNNELS

A

object is placed inside the wind tunnel and instruments are used to measure the forces produced

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43
Q

WHAT IS INJECTED INTO WIND TUNNELS

A

> dye

> smoke

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44
Q

WIND TUNNELS AIM

A

aim to improve the flow of air around ad object by streamlining its path

45
Q

LIFT AND DRAG

A

oncoming air can potentially increase lift or decrease drag

46
Q

ALLOWS ENGINEERS

A

able to have tight control on environmental variables

47
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES

A

> wind speed

> direction

48
Q

ADVANTAGES OF WIND TUNNELS

A

able to control winds and measure air resistance

49
Q

DISADVANTAGES OF WIND TUNNELS

A

> specialised facilities
engineering bases
expensive
requires complex analysis

50
Q

ANGULAR MOTION

A

movement of a body or a part of the body in a circular path about an axis of rotation

51
Q

ECCENTRIC FORCE

A

a force applied outside the centre of mass resulting in angular motion

52
Q

TORQUE

A

a measure of the turning (rotational or eccentric) force applied to the body

53
Q

PRINCIPAL AXIS OF ROTATION

A

an imaginary line that passes through the centre of mass about which a body rotates (longitudinal / transverse / frontal)

54
Q

LINEAR MOTION

A

movement of a body in a straight or curved line, where all parts move the same distance in the same direction over the same time

55
Q

LINEAR MOTION IS CREATED BY

A

direct force

> an external force passes through the centre of mass

56
Q

ANGULAR MOTION IS CREATED BY

A

eccentric force

> an external force that passes outside the centre of mass

57
Q

HOW TO ROTATE QUICKER

A

bring the body closer together

58
Q

HOW TO ROTATE SLOWER

A

spread the body apart

59
Q

TORQUE

A

a measure of the turning force applied to a body

60
Q

A TORQUE IS WHAT TYPE OF FORCE

A

angular force

61
Q

RADIAN

A

a unit of measurement of the angle through which a body rotates

62
Q

RADIAN MEASUREMENTS

A

360 degrees = 2 pi radian

53.7 degrees = 1 pi radian

63
Q

RADIAN MEASUREMENTS EQUIVALENT

A

radian is the equivalent of meters in angular motion

64
Q

ANGULAR VELOCITY MEASUREMENT

A

radian per seconds

65
Q

ECCENTRIC FORCE APPLIED

A

when an eccentric force is applied (a force applied away from the centre of mass) creates angular motion

66
Q

DIRECT FORCE APPLIED

A

when a direct force is applied (a force applied towards the centre of mass) creates linear motion

67
Q

THREE TYPES OF PLANES

A

> sagittal
frontal
transverse / horizontal

68
Q

THREE TYPES OF AXIS

A

> longitudinal
frontal
transverse

69
Q

TwirL

A

> Transverse plane

> Longitudinal axis

70
Q

SomersaulT

A

> Sagittal plane

> Transverse axis

71
Q

FlufF cartwheel

A

> Frontal plane

> Frontal axis

72
Q

DISTANCE TIME GRAPHS

A

on the sheet of revision paper

73
Q

ANGULAR MOTION EQUATION

A

angular momentum = moment of inertia x angular velocity

74
Q

ANGULAR MOMENTUM MEASUREMENT

A

kgm² rad per second

75
Q

MOMENT OF INERTIA MEASUREMENT

A

kgm²

76
Q

ANGULAR VELOCITY MEASUREMENT

A

rad per second

77
Q

ANGULAR MOMENT LINK

A

link to Newtons first law of motion

78
Q

NEWTONS FIRST LAW LINK TO ANGULAR MOTION

A

> conservation of angular moment of an object or person

> an object remains at a constant state of angular momentum until acted upon by an external torque

79
Q

MOMENT OF INERTIA

A

mass x distance from axis

80
Q

ANGULAR VELOCITY IS

A

how fast something is moving

81
Q

MOMENT OF INERTIA AND ANGULAR VELOCITY RELATIONSHIP

A

they need to be opposite

82
Q

ANGULAR MOMENTUM EQUATION

A

mass x speed

83
Q

MOMENT OF INERTIA DEFINITION

A

reluctance to change state of angular motion

84
Q

ANGULAR VELOCITY

A

speed of how fast something is moving

85
Q

TO INCREASE MOMENT OF INERTIA

A

> increase distance from axis
increase mass
increase both at the same time

86
Q

RELATIONSHIP OF SPEED AND MOMENT OF INERTIA

A

the faster you move then the slower your moment of inertia is

87
Q

RELATIONSHIP OF CENTRE OF MASS AND MOMENT OF INERTIA

A

the closer you are to the centre of mass then the lower your moment of inertia

88
Q

ANGULAR VELOCITY EQUATION

A

angular displacement ÷ time taken

89
Q

ANGULAR MOMENTUM DEFINITION

A

the quantity of angular motion possessed by a body

90
Q

CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM

A

angular momentum is a conserved quantity which remains constant unless acted upon by an external eccentric force or torque is applied

91
Q

LINEAR MOTION

A

movement of a straight or curved line where all parts move the same distance, in the same direction over the same time

92
Q

DIRECT FORCE

A

a force applied through the centre of mass resulting in linear motion

93
Q

LINEAR MOTION DESCRIPTORS

A 
> distance
> displacement 
> speed
> velocity 
> acceleration 
> deceleration
94
Q

DISTANCE

A

the total length covered from start to finish positions

95
Q

DISPLACEMENT

A

the shortest straight-line route from start to finish position

96
Q

SPEED EQUATION

A

distance ÷ time taken

97
Q

SPEED MEASUREMENT

A

measured in metres per second

98
Q

VELOCITY MEASUREMENT

A

measured in metres per second

99
Q

VELOCITY

A

the rate of change in displacement

100
Q

VELOCITY EQUATION

A

displacement ÷ time taken

101
Q

ACCELERATION MEASUREMENT

A

measured in metres per second per second

102
Q

ACCELERATION

A

the rate of change in velocity

103
Q

ACCELERATION EQUATION

A

(final velocity - initial velocity) ÷ time taken

104
Q

DECELERATION

A

the rate of change in velocity (decrease or negative)

105
Q

DISTANCE TIME GRAPH

A

a visual representation of the distance travel plotted against the time taken

106
Q

GRADIENT

A

the slope of a graph at a particular moment in time

107
Q

GRADIENT EQUATION

A

gradient = change in y axis ÷ change in x axis

108
Q

SPEED TIME GRAPH

A

a visual representation of the speed of motion plotted against the time taken

109
Q

VELOCITY TIME GRAPH

A

a visual representation of the velocity of motion plotted against the time taken

A LEVEL PHYSICAL EDUCATION [OCR] (15 decks)

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