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A LEVEL PHYSICAL EDUCATION [OCR] > PAPER 1 > MUSCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

PAPER 1 > MUSCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

DEFINE ISOTONIC CONTRACTION

A

contractions that cause the muscle to change in length whilst producing movement

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2
Q

DEFINE CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION

A

contractions that cause the muscle to shorten whilst producing movement (upwards phase, bicep curl)

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3
Q

DEFINE ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION

A

contractions that cause the muscle to lengthen whilst producing movement (downwards phase, bicep curl)

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4
Q

DEFINE ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION

A

contractions where there is no change in length of the contracting muscle and therefore no movement is produced (handstand)

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5
Q

DEFINE FIXATORS

A

the muscle that stabilises the origin of the agonist and the joint that the origin moves over

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6
Q

DEFINE FLEXION

A

a movement around a joint that decreases the angle between the bones and the joint

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7
Q

DEFINE EXTENSION

A

a movement around a joint that increases the angle between the bones and the joint

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8
Q

DEFINE LATERAL

A

towards the outside (of the body)

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9
Q

DEFINE MEDIAL

A

towards the middle (of the body)

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10
Q

DEFINE POSTERIOR

A

towards the back (of the body)

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11
Q

DEFINE ANTERIOR

A

towards the front (of the body)

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12
Q

MOVEMENTS OCCURRING AT THE WRIST

A

> flexion

> extension

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13
Q

MOVEMENTS OCCURRING AT THE ELBOW

A

> flexion

> extension

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14
Q

MOVEMENTS OCCURRING AT THE SHOULDER

A 
> flexion
> extension
> adduction
> abduction
> medial rotation
> lateral rotation
> horizontal flexion
> horizontal extension
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15
Q

MOVEMENTS OCCURRING AT THE KNEE

A

> flexion

> extension

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16
Q

MOVEMENTS OCCURRING AT THE ANKLE

A

> dorsi-flexion

> plantar-flexion

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17
Q

WRIST > FLEXION > AGONIST

A

wrist flexors

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18
Q

WRIST > EXTENSION > AGONIST

A

wrist extensors

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19
Q

ELBOW > FLEXION > AGONIST

A

bicep brachii

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20
Q

ELBOW > EXTENSION > AGONIST

A

tricep brachii

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21
Q

SHOULDER > FLEXION > AGONIST

A

anterior deltoid

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22
Q

SHOULDER > EXTENSION > AGONIST

A

posterior deltoid

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23
Q

SHOULDER > ADDUCTION > AGONIST

A

latissimus dorsi

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24
Q

SHOULDER > ABDUCTION > AGONIST

A

middle deltoid

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25
Q

SHOULDER > MEDIAL ROTATION > AGONIST

A

teres major

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26
Q

SHOULDER > LATERAL ROTATION > AGONIST

A

teres minor

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27
Q

SHOULDER > HORIZONTAL FLEXION > AGONIST

A

pectorals major

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28
Q

SHOULDER > HORIZONTAL EXTENSION > AGONIST

A

posterior deltoid

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29
Q

HIP > FLEXION > AGONIST

30
Q

HIP > EXTENSION > AGONIST

A

gluteus maximus

31
Q

HIP > ADDUCTION > AGONIST

A

adductor longus / brevis / magnus

32
Q

HIP > ABDUCTION > AGONIST

A

gluteus medius / minus

33
Q

HIP > MEDIAL ROTATION > AGONIST

A

gluteus medius / minus

34
Q

HIP > LATERAL ROTATION > AGONIST

A

gluteus maximus

35
Q

KNEE > FLEXION > AGONIST

A

bicep femoris

36
Q

KNEE > EXTENSION > AGONIST

A

rectus femoris

37
Q

ANKLE > PLANTAR FLEXION > AGONIST

A

gastrocnemius / soleus

38
Q

ANKLE > DORSI FLEXION > AGONIST

A

tibialis anterior

39
Q

FLEXION > PLANE

40
Q

EXTENSION > PLANE

41
Q

ADDUCTION > PLANE

42
Q

ABDUCTION > PLANE

43
Q

MEDIAL ROTATION > PLANE

A

horizontal (transverse)

44
Q

LATERAL ROTATION > PLANE

A

horizontal (transverse)

45
Q

HORIZONTAL FLEXION > PLANE

A

horizontal (transverse)

46
Q

HORIZONTAL EXTENSION > PLANE

A

horizontal (transverse)

47
Q

3 TYPES OF MUSCLE FIBRE TYPES

A

> slow oxidative (type 1)
fast oxidative (type 2/a)
fast oxidative (type 2/x/b)

48
Q

SLOW OXIDATIVE MUSCLE FIBRES

A

> store oxygen in myoglobin
produce oxygen in mitochondria
work aerobically (with oxygen)
produce small amounts of force but resist fatigue

49
Q

SLOW OXIDATIVE MUSCLE FIBRE EXAMPLE

A

> 1500m running

> marathon running

50
Q

FAST OXIDATIVE MUSCLE FIBRES

A

> produce large amounts of force quickly

> have the capacity to resist fatigue

51
Q

FAST OXIDATIVE MUSCLE FIBRE EXAMPLE

A

> 800m running

52
Q

FAST GLYCOTIC MUSCLE FIBRES

A

> work anaerobically
large stores of phosphocreatine
fatigue quickly

53
Q

FAST GLYCOTIC MUSCLE FIBRE EXAMPLE

A

> 100m running

54
Q

MOTOR NEURON

A

a nerve cell which transmits a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres

55
Q

MOTOR UNIT

A

a motor neuron and the muscle fibre simulated by its axon

56
Q

ACTION POTENTIAL

A

positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cell which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre

57
Q

NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

A

where the axon’s motor end plates meets the muscle fibre

58
Q

SYNAPTIC CLEFT

A

the small gap between the motor end plates and the muscle fibre

59
Q

NEUROTRANSMITTER

A

a chemical produced that carries the electrical impulses across the synaptic cleft and to the muscle fibre

60
Q

MITOCHONDRIA

A

a structure in the sarcoplasm responsible for aerobic energy production

61
Q

MYOGLOBIN

A

a protein in the muscle responsible for transporting oxygen to the mitochondria

62
Q

DEFINE AEROBIC

A

> low intensity
long duration exercise
oxygen is present

63
Q

DEFINE ANAEROBIC

A

> high intensity
short duration exercise
oxygen is not present

64
Q

DEFINE FATIGUE

A

a subjective feeling of tiredness that has a gradual onset and can have physical and mental causes

65
Q

DEFINE ELASTICITY

A

the ability of an object or material to resume its normal shape after being stretched or compressed

66
Q

DEFINE GLYCOGEN LOADING

A

the manipulation of carbohydrate intake in the week before competition to maximise stores of glycogen

67
Q

DEFINE CAPILLARY

A

a fine branching blood vessel that connects an artery to a vein whilst transporting nutrients

68
Q

DEFINE DENSITY

A

a measurement that compares an objects mass to volume

69
Q

DEFINE PHOSPHOCREATINE

A

a high energy compound store in the muscle cell used as a fuel for high intensity energy production

70
Q

DEFINE GLYCOGEN

A

glycogen is a readily mobilised storage form of glucose and is the main fuel source for our cells

71
Q

DEFINE ACETYLCHOLINE

A

the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction

A LEVEL PHYSICAL EDUCATION [OCR] (15 decks)

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