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A LEVEL PHYSICAL EDUCATION [OCR] > PAPER 1 > MUSCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

PAPER 1 > MUSCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

DEFINE ISOTONIC CONTRACTION

A

contractions that cause the muscle to change in length whilst producing movement

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2
Q

DEFINE CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION

A

contractions that cause the muscle to shorten whilst producing movement (upwards phase, bicep curl)

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3
Q

DEFINE ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION

A

contractions that cause the muscle to lengthen whilst producing movement (downwards phase, bicep curl)

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4
Q

DEFINE ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION

A

contractions where there is no change in length of the contracting muscle and therefore no movement is produced (handstand)

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5
Q

DEFINE FIXATORS

A

the muscle that stabilises the origin of the agonist and the joint that the origin moves over

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6
Q

DEFINE FLEXION

A

a movement around a joint that decreases the angle between the bones and the joint

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7
Q

DEFINE EXTENSION

A

a movement around a joint that increases the angle between the bones and the joint

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8
Q

DEFINE LATERAL

A

towards the outside (of the body)

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9
Q

DEFINE MEDIAL

A

towards the middle (of the body)

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10
Q

DEFINE POSTERIOR

A

towards the back (of the body)

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11
Q

DEFINE ANTERIOR

A

towards the front (of the body)

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12
Q

MOVEMENTS OCCURRING AT THE WRIST

A

> flexion

> extension

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13
Q

MOVEMENTS OCCURRING AT THE ELBOW

A

> flexion

> extension

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14
Q

MOVEMENTS OCCURRING AT THE SHOULDER

A 
> flexion
> extension
> adduction
> abduction
> medial rotation
> lateral rotation
> horizontal flexion
> horizontal extension
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15
Q

MOVEMENTS OCCURRING AT THE KNEE

A

> flexion

> extension

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16
Q

MOVEMENTS OCCURRING AT THE ANKLE

A

> dorsi-flexion

> plantar-flexion

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17
Q

WRIST > FLEXION > AGONIST

A

wrist flexors

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18
Q

WRIST > EXTENSION > AGONIST

A

wrist extensors

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19
Q

ELBOW > FLEXION > AGONIST

A

bicep brachii

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20
Q

ELBOW > EXTENSION > AGONIST

A

tricep brachii

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21
Q

SHOULDER > FLEXION > AGONIST

A

anterior deltoid

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22
Q

SHOULDER > EXTENSION > AGONIST

A

posterior deltoid

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23
Q

SHOULDER > ADDUCTION > AGONIST

A

latissimus dorsi

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24
Q

SHOULDER > ABDUCTION > AGONIST

A

middle deltoid

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25
SHOULDER > MEDIAL ROTATION > AGONIST
teres major
26
SHOULDER > LATERAL ROTATION > AGONIST
teres minor
27
SHOULDER > HORIZONTAL FLEXION > AGONIST
pectorals major
28
SHOULDER > HORIZONTAL EXTENSION > AGONIST
posterior deltoid
29
HIP > FLEXION > AGONIST
iliopsoas
30
HIP > EXTENSION > AGONIST
gluteus maximus
31
HIP > ADDUCTION > AGONIST
adductor longus / brevis / magnus
32
HIP > ABDUCTION > AGONIST
gluteus medius / minus
33
HIP > MEDIAL ROTATION > AGONIST
gluteus medius / minus
34
HIP > LATERAL ROTATION > AGONIST
gluteus maximus
35
KNEE > FLEXION > AGONIST
bicep femoris
36
KNEE > EXTENSION > AGONIST
rectus femoris
37
ANKLE > PLANTAR FLEXION > AGONIST
gastrocnemius / soleus
38
ANKLE > DORSI FLEXION > AGONIST
tibialis anterior
39
FLEXION > PLANE
sagittal
40
EXTENSION > PLANE
sagittal
41
ADDUCTION > PLANE
frontal
42
ABDUCTION > PLANE
frontal
43
MEDIAL ROTATION > PLANE
horizontal (transverse)
44
LATERAL ROTATION > PLANE
horizontal (transverse)
45
HORIZONTAL FLEXION > PLANE
horizontal (transverse)
46
HORIZONTAL EXTENSION > PLANE
horizontal (transverse)
47
3 TYPES OF MUSCLE FIBRE TYPES
> slow oxidative (type 1) > fast oxidative (type 2/a) > fast oxidative (type 2/x/b)
48
SLOW OXIDATIVE MUSCLE FIBRES
> store oxygen in myoglobin > produce oxygen in mitochondria > work aerobically (with oxygen) > produce small amounts of force but resist fatigue
49
SLOW OXIDATIVE MUSCLE FIBRE EXAMPLE
> 1500m running | > marathon running
50
FAST OXIDATIVE MUSCLE FIBRES
> produce large amounts of force quickly | > have the capacity to resist fatigue
51
FAST OXIDATIVE MUSCLE FIBRE EXAMPLE
> 800m running
52
FAST GLYCOTIC MUSCLE FIBRES
> work anaerobically > large stores of phosphocreatine > fatigue quickly
53
FAST GLYCOTIC MUSCLE FIBRE EXAMPLE
> 100m running
54
MOTOR NEURON
a nerve cell which transmits a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres
55
MOTOR UNIT
a motor neuron and the muscle fibre simulated by its axon
56
ACTION POTENTIAL
positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cell which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre
57
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
where the axon's motor end plates meets the muscle fibre
58
SYNAPTIC CLEFT
the small gap between the motor end plates and the muscle fibre
59
NEUROTRANSMITTER
a chemical produced that carries the electrical impulses across the synaptic cleft and to the muscle fibre
60
MITOCHONDRIA
a structure in the sarcoplasm responsible for aerobic energy production
61
MYOGLOBIN
a protein in the muscle responsible for transporting oxygen to the mitochondria
62
DEFINE AEROBIC
> low intensity > long duration exercise > oxygen is present
63
DEFINE ANAEROBIC
> high intensity > short duration exercise > oxygen is not present
64
DEFINE FATIGUE
a subjective feeling of tiredness that has a gradual onset and can have physical and mental causes
65
DEFINE ELASTICITY
the ability of an object or material to resume its normal shape after being stretched or compressed
66
DEFINE GLYCOGEN LOADING
the manipulation of carbohydrate intake in the week before competition to maximise stores of glycogen
67
DEFINE CAPILLARY
a fine branching blood vessel that connects an artery to a vein whilst transporting nutrients
68
DEFINE DENSITY
a measurement that compares an objects mass to volume
69
DEFINE PHOSPHOCREATINE
a high energy compound store in the muscle cell used as a fuel for high intensity energy production
70
DEFINE GLYCOGEN
glycogen is a readily mobilised storage form of glucose and is the main fuel source for our cells
71
DEFINE ACETYLCHOLINE
the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction

A LEVEL PHYSICAL EDUCATION [OCR] (15 decks)

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