PAPER 1 > CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Question 1

PULMONARY CIRCUIT

Answer 1

circulation of blood through pulmonary artery to the lungs and pulmonary vein back to the heart

Question 2

SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT

Answer 2

circulation of blood through the aorta to the body and vena cava back to the heart

Question 3

DEFINE MYOGENIC

Answer 3

the capacity of the heart to generate its own electrical impulse, which causes the cardiac muscles to contract

Question 4

DEFINE DIASTOLE

Answer 4

the relaxation phase of cardiac muscles where the chambers fill with blood

Question 5

DEFINE SYSTOLE

Answer 5

the contraction phase of cardiac muscles where the blood is forcibly ejected into the aorta and pulmonary artery

Question 6

DEFINE AORTA

Answer 6

the aorta is the largest artery in the body and the heart pumps blood from the left ventricle into the aorta through the aortic valve `

Question 7

DEFINE VENA CAVAE

Answer 7

vena cavae are the two largest veins in the body and these blood vessels carry oxygen-depleted blood from various regions of the body to the right atrium of the heart

Question 8

DEFINE HEART RATE

Answer 8

the number of times the heart beats per minute

Question 9

DEFINE STROKE VOLUME

Answer 9

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat

Question 10

DEFINE CARDIAC OUTPUT

Answer 10

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute

Question 11

PATHWAY OF BLOOD

Answer 11

> vena cavae 
> right artium 
> (tricuspid valve)
> right ventricle 
> pulmonary artery 
> (lungs)
> pulmonary vein 
> (bicuspid valve)
> left atrium 
> left ventricle 
> aorta 
> (body)

Question 12

CARDIAC OUTPUT EQUATION

Answer 12

HR X SV = Q

Question 13

CARDIAC CYCLE

Answer 13

> atrial diastole
ventricular diastole
atrial systole
ventricular systole

Question 14

CONDUCTION SYSTEM

Answer 14

> SA node
AV node
bundle of HIS
purkinje fibres

Question 15

CARDIAC CYCLE AND CONDUCTION SYSTEM

Answer 15

> atrial diastole 
> ventricular diastole 
> SA node 
> AV node 
> atrial systole 
> bundle of HIS 
> purkinje fibres 
> venticular systole

Question 16

DEFINE REGULATION

Answer 16

a rule or directive made and maintained by an authority

Question 17

DEFINE AUTONOMIC

Answer 17

involuntary or unconscious

Question 18

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Answer 18

part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for increasing heart rate (HR)

Question 19

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Answer 19

part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for decreasing heart rate (HR)

Question 20

DEFINE MEDULLA OBLONGATA

Answer 20

a portion of the hind-brain that controls autonomic functions

Question 21

DEFINE CCC

Answer 21

Cardiac Control Centre

Question 22

DEFINE HORMONAL

Answer 22

containing a hormone or hormones

Question 23

DEFINE VENOUS RETURN

Answer 23

the return of the blood to the right atria through the veins

Question 24

DEFINE ADRENALINE

Answer 24

a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that increases rates of blood, circulation, breathing and carbohydrate metabolism and prepares muscles for exertion

Question 25

DEFINE FIRING RATE

Answer 25

the amount of neurons firing at a giving time

Question 26

3 COMPONENTS OF NEURAL FACTORS

Answer 26

> chemoreceptors (increase in CO2) > proprioceptors (muscle and tendon movement) > baroreceptors (blood pressure)

Question 27

COMPONENTS OF HORMONAL FACTORS

Answer 27

> adrenaline (increases HR)

Question 28

COMPONENTS OF INTRINSIC FACTORS

Answer 28

> temperature | > venous return

Question 29

5 COMPONENTS OF VENOUS RETURN

Answer 29

``` > pocket valve > gravity > smooth muscle > skeletal muscle pump > respiratory muscle pump ```

Question 30

DEFINE RCC

Answer 30

Respiratory Control Centre

Question 31

2 CENTRES OF THE RCC

Answer 31

> expiratory centre | > inspiratory centre

Question 32

EXPIRATORY CENTRE NERVE LINK

Answer 32

intercostal nerve to the external intercostal muscles

Question 33

INSPIRATORY CENTRE NERVE LINK

Answer 33

phrenic nerve to the diaphragm

Question 34

3 COMPONENTS OF VASCULAR SHUNT

Answer 34

> vasoconstriction > vasodilation > pre-capillary sphincter

Question 35

DEFINE VASOCONSTRICTION

Answer 35

when the lumen gets smaller and this limits the blood flow

Question 36

DEFINE VASODILATION

Answer 36

when the lumen gets bigger and this increases the blood flow around the body

Question 37

PRE-CAPILLARY SPHINCTERS FUNCTION

Answer 37

open and close to allow blood flow through the capillaries

Question 38

TEMPERATURE LINK TO VENOUS RETURN

Answer 38

> temperature increases > viscosity decreases > venous return increases > SV (stroke volume increases) = Q (cardiac output increases)

Question 39

INSPIRATION REST

Answer 39

active

Question 40

EXPIRATION REST

Answer 40

passive

Question 41

INSPIRATION EXERCISE

Answer 41

active

Question 42

EXPIRATION EXERCISE

Answer 42

active

Question 43

INSPIRATION REST > MUSCLES

Answer 43

> diaphragm | > external intercostal muscles

Question 44

EXPIRATION REST > MUSCLES

Answer 44

none

Question 45

INSPIRATION EXERCISE > MUSCLES

Answer 45

> diaphragm > external intercostals > sternocleidomastoids > pectoralis major

Question 46

EXPIRATION EXERCISE > MUSCLES

Answer 46

> internal intercostals | > rectus abdominalis

Question 47

INSPIRATION REST > DIAPHRAGM

Answer 47

contracts and flattens

Question 48

INSPIRATION REST > RIBS

Answer 48

up and out

Question 49

EXPIRATION REST > DIAPHRAGM

Answer 49

relaxes

Question 50

EXPIRATION REST > RIBS

Answer 50

down and in

Question 51

INSPIRATION EXERCISE > RIBS

Answer 51

further up and out

Question 52

EXPIRATION EXERCISE > RIBS

Answer 52

forced down and in

Question 53

INSPIRATION REST > RESULT

Answer 53

> decrease in pressure in thoratic cavity | > air is brought into the lungs

Question 54

EXPIRATION REST > RESULT

Answer 54

> increase in pressure in thoratic cavity | > air is pushed out

Question 55

INSPIRATION EXERCISE > RESULT

Answer 55

> decrease in pressure in thoratic cavity | > more air is brought into the lungs

Question 56

EXPIRATION EXERCISE > RESULT

Answer 56

> increase in pressure in thoratic canvity | > air is forced out

Question 57

DEFINE PARTIAL PRESSURE

Answer 57

concentration of gas in a space

Question 58

DEFINE DIFFUSION GRADIENT

Answer 58

gas moves from high partial pressure to low partial pressure

Question 59

DEFINE DIFFUSION

Answer 59

movement of particles across a partially permeable membrane (1 cell thick) down a diffusion gradient

Question 60

2 FEATURES OF EXTERNAL SITE

Answer 60

alveoli and capillary

Question 61

2 FEATURES OF INTERNAL SITE

Answer 61

muscle fibre and capillary

Question 62

HOW MANY OXYGEN CAN BIND TO HAEMOGLOBIN

Answer 62

4

Question 63

PRODUCT OF OXYGEN AND HAEMOGLOBIN

Answer 63

oxyhaemoglobin

Question 64

WHERE IS HIGH PARTIAL PRESSURE OF O2 AT THE EXTERNAL SITE

Answer 64

alveoli and lungs

Question 65

WHERE IS HIGH PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CO2 AT THE EXTERNAL SITE

Answer 65

capillary

Question 66

WHERE IS LOW PARTIAL PRESSURE OF O2 AT THE EXTERNAL SITE

Answer 66

capillary

Question 67

WHERE IS LOW PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CO2 AT THE EXTERNAL SITE

Answer 67

alveoli and lungs

Question 68

DEFINE PARTIALLY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE

Answer 68

a membrane that is one (1) cell thick

Question 69

PATHWAY OF BLOOD FOLLOWING EXTERNAL SITE

Answer 69

> left atrium > left ventricle > aorta > muscle

Question 70

HOW MANY OXYGEN DISASSOCIATE FROM HAEMOGLOBIN AT THE INTERNAL SITE

Answer 70

2 | or similar balanced amount

Question 71

HOW MANY CO2 DIFFUSE OUT OF THE MUSCLE FIBRE

Answer 71

an equal amount (partial pressure should always be equal)

Question 72

WHERE IS HIGH PARTIAL PRESSURE OF O2 AT THE INTERNAL SITE

Answer 72

capillary

Question 73

WHERE IS HIGH PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CO2 AT THE INTERNAL SITE

Answer 73

muscle fibre

Question 74

WHERE IS LOW PARTIAL PRESSURE OF O2 AT THE INTERNAL SITE

Answer 74

muscle fibre

Question 75

WHERE IS LOW PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CO2 AT THE INTERNAL SITE

Answer 75

capillary

Question 76

DOES THE CAPILLARY ONLY CARRY O2

Answer 76

no the capillary also carries a portion of CO2

Question 77

HEART RATE > REST > UNTRAINED

Answer 77

60 - 80 bpm

Question 78

HEART RATE > REST > TRAINED

Answer 78

> 60 bpm

Question 79

HEART RATE > SUB MAXIMAL > UNTRAINED

Answer 79

100 - 130 bpm

Question 80

HEART RATE > SUB MAXIMAL > TRAINED

Answer 80

95 - 120 bpm

Question 81

HEART RATE > MAXIMAL > UNTRAINED

Answer 81

220 - age bpm

Question 82

HEART RATE > MAXIMAL > TRAINED

Answer 82

220 - age bpm

Question 83

STROKE VOLUME > REST > UNTRAINED

Answer 83

70 ml

Question 84

STROKE VOLUME > REST > TRAINED

Answer 84

70 - 100 ml

Question 85

STROKE VOLUME > SUB MAXIMAL > UNTRAINED

Answer 85

100 - 120 ml

Question 86

STROKE VOLUME > SUB MAXIMAL > TRAINED

Answer 86

160 - 200 ml

Question 87

STROKE VOLUME > MAXIMAL > UNTRAINED

Answer 87

100 - 120 ml

Question 88

STROKE VOLUME > MAXIMAL > TRAINED

Answer 88

160 - 200 ml

Question 89

CARDIAC OUTPUT > REST > UNTRAINED

Answer 89

4 - 8 l/min

Question 90

CARDIAC OUTPUT > REST > TRAINED

Answer 90

4 - 8 l/min

Question 91

CARDIAC OUTPUT > SUB MAXIMAL > UNTRAINED

Answer 91

10 - 15 l/min

Question 92

CARDIAC OUTPUT > SUB MAXIMAL > TRAINED

Answer 92

15 - 20 l/min

Question 93

CARDIAC OUTPUT > MAXIMAL > UNTRAINED

Answer 93

20 - 30 l/min

Question 94

CARDIAC OUTPUT > MAXIMAL > TRAINED

Answer 94

30 - 40 l/min

Question 95

BREATHING FREQUENCY > REST > UNTRAINED

Answer 95

12 - 25 breaths per minute

Question 96

BREATHING FREQUENCY > REST > TRAINED

Answer 96

11 - 12 breaths per minute

Question 97

BREATHING FREQUENCY > MAXIMAL > UNTRAINED

Answer 97

40 - 50 breaths per minute

Question 98

BREATHING FREQUENCY > MAXIMAL > TRAINED

Answer 98

50 - 60 breaths per minute

Question 99

TIDAL VOLUME > REST > UNTRAINED

Answer 99

0.5L

Question 100

TIDAL VOLUME > REST > TRAINED

Answer 100

0.5L

Question 101

TIDAL VOLUME > MAXIMAL > UNTRAINED

Answer 101

2.5 - 3.0L

Question 102

TIDAL VOLUME > MAXIMAL > TRAINED

Answer 102

3.0 - 3.5L

Question 103

MINUTE VENTILATION > REST > UNTRAINED

Answer 103

6.0 - 7.5 l/min

Question 104

MINUTE VENTILATION > MAXIMAL > UNTRAINED

Answer 104

100 - 150 l/min

Question 105

MINUTE VENTILATION > MAXIMAL > TRAINED

Answer 105

160 - 210 l/min