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A LEVEL PHYSICAL EDUCATION [OCR] > PAPER 1 > INJURY PREVENTION AND THE REHABILITATION OF INJURY > Flashcards

PAPER 1 > INJURY PREVENTION AND THE REHABILITATION OF INJURY Flashcards

1
Q

ACUTE INJURIES

A

a sudden injury associated with a traumatic event

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2
Q

CHRONIC INJURIES

A

a slowly developed injury associated with over use

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3
Q

HARD TISSUE INJURY

A

damage to the bone, joint or cartilage including fractures and dislocations

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4
Q

SOFT TISSUE INJURY

A

damage to the skin, muscle, tendon or ligament including tears, strains and sprains

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5
Q

FRACTURE

A

a partial or complete break in a bone due to an excessive force that overcomes the bones potential to flex

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6
Q

COMPOUND FRACTURES OPEN OR CLOSED?

A

open fractures

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7
Q

SIMPLE FRACTURES OPEN OR CLOSED?

A

closed fractures

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8
Q

COMPOUND OPEN FRACTURES

A

the fractured bones themselves break through the skin, creating an open wound with a high risk of infection

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9
Q

SIMPLE CLOSED FRACTURES

A

the skin remains unbroken as the fracture causes little movement of the bone and therefore minimises the damage to the soft tissue surrounding it

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10
Q

HARD TISSUE INJURIES RESULT (4)

A

> internal bleeding
circulatory problems
joint instability
usually require hospital treatment

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11
Q

SOFT TISSUE INJURIES RESULT (4)

A

> inflammation
bruising
internal bleeding
require immediate attention to minimise recovery period

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12
Q

ACUTE INJURY EXAMPLE

A

fracture of a bone in a boxer’s jaw

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13
Q

COMMON CAUSES OF ACUTE INJURIES (3)

A

> collision between two players
falls
excessive impact from an object

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14
Q

CHRONIC INJURY EXAMPLE

A

tennis elbow

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15
Q

COMMON CAUSES OF CHRONIC INJURIES (9)

A

> overuse
sudden increase in intensity of activity
sudden increase in frequency of activity
sudden increase in duration of activity
reduction in recovery
inadequate equipment
poor technique
poor range of motion
inadequate warm up

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16
Q

COMMON INDICATIONS OF A FRACTURE (6)

A 
> pain at the fracture site
> inability to move joint 
> unnatural movement around the injured area
> deformity 
> swelling
> discoloration
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17
Q

COMMON CAUSES OF FRACTURES (2)

A

> direct force (collision or object)

> indirect force (falling or poor technique)

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18
Q

INCOMPLETE FRACTURE

A

a partial crack in the bone that doesn’t completely separate the bone

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19
Q

COMPLETE FRACTURE

A

a total break in the bone which separates the bone into one or more fragments

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20
Q

GREENSTICK FRACTURE

A

a splitting partial break in the bone resulting from a bending action

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21
Q

TRANSVERSE/OBLIQUE/SPIRAL FRACTURES

A

a crack perpendicular, diagonal or twisting diagonal respectively across the length of the bone

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22
Q

COMMINUTED FRACTURE

A

a crack producing multiple fragments of bone and a long recovery process

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23
Q

IMPACTED FRACTURE

A

a break caused by the ends of the bone being compressed together

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24
Q

AVULSION FRACTURE

A

a bone fragment detached at the site of connective tissue attachment

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25
Q

DISLOCATION

A

the displacement of one bone from another out of their original placement

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26
Q

COMMON CAUSES OF DISLOCATIONS (2)

A

> direct force (collision or object)

> indirect force (fall)

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27
Q

DISLOCATIONS CAUSE THE JOINT TO

A

push past its extreme range of motion

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28
Q

TYPICAL SITES FOR DISLOCATIONS (7)

A 
> shoulder 
> hip 
> knee
> ankle 
> elbow 
> fingers
> toes
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29
Q

COMMON INDICATIONS OF A DISLOCATION (5)

A 
> severe pain at the injury site 
> loss of movement 
> deformity
> swelling
> 'pop' feeling
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30
Q

DISLOCATION REQUIREMENTS

A

medical specialist treatment to put back into place and to ensure the joint is put back in the correct alignment without causing further damage

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31
Q

SUBLAXATION

A

an incomplete or partial dislocation

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32
Q

SUBLAXATION DAMAGE

A

often causes damage to the ligaments that connect bone to bone

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33
Q

SUBLAXATION OVERSTRETCH

A

ligaments can permanently lengthen which decreases joint stability and increases the likelihood of recurrent dislocations

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34
Q

RESULT OF OVERSTRETCH SUBLAXATION AND DISLOCATIONS

A

result in surgeries and compromise a long term playing career

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35
Q

RUPTURE

A

a complete tear of a muscle, tendon or ligament

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36
Q

HAEMATOMA

A

localised congealed bleeding from the ruptured blood vessels

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37
Q

CONTUSION IS ALSO KNOWN AS A

A

bruise

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38
Q

CONTUSION

A

a bruise in an area of skin or tissue which the blood vessels have ruptured (torn)

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39
Q

MINOR CONTUSIONS

A

heal quickly by themselves without the athlete having to have a break in lay or training

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40
Q

SEVERE CONTUSIONS

A

can cause deep tissue damage and therefore prevent participation in sport for months

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41
Q

SPRAIN

A

overstretch or a tear in the ligament that connects bone to bone

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42
Q

COMMON CAUSES OF SPRAINS (4)

A

> sudden impact
sudden twist
sudden fall
forcing the joint beyond its extreme range of motion

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43
Q

COMMON SITES FOR SPRAINS (2)

A

> ankles
knees
thumbs

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44
Q

COMMON INDICATORS OF A SPRAIN (5)

A 
> pain 
> swelling
> bruising 
> inability to bear weight 
> possible dislocation
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45
Q

4 DIFFERENT SEVERITY’S OF SPRAINS

A

> first degree sprain
second degree sprain
tear
third degree sprain

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46
Q

FIRST DEGREE SPRAIN

A

overstretching a few ligament fibres

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47
Q

SECOND DEGREE SPRAIN

A

partial tear of ligament fibres

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48
Q

TEAR

A

a total rupture

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49
Q

THIRD DEGREE SPRAIN

A

detachment of a ligament from the bone

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50
Q

STRAIN

A

overstretch or tear in the muscle or tendon that connects muscle to bone

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51
Q

COMMON CAUSES OF A STRAIN (3)

A

> overstretching a particular area
contracting muscle fibres too quickly resulting in an overstretch
partial or complete rupture of the muscle fibres and tendons

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52
Q

MOST COMMON SPORTS FOR STRAINS (3)

A

> dynamic lunging (badminton)
sprinting out of a block (track sprinting)
contact activities (tackles in rugby/football)

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53
Q

COMMON INDICATORS OF A STRAIN

A

> pain on movement
swelling
discoloration
bruising

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54
Q

3 DIFFERENT SEVERITY’S OF STRAINS

A

> grade 1
grade 2
grade 3

55
Q

GRADE 1 STRAIN

A

minor damage to the fibres

56
Q

GRADE 2 STRAIN

A

more extensive damage but not completely ruptured

57
Q

GRADE 3 STRAIN

A

complete rupture which will require surgery and significant rehabilitation

58
Q

ABRASION

A

superficial damage to the skin caused by a scraping action against a surface

59
Q

COMMON CAUSES FOR ABRASIONS (3)

A

> falling (athletics track)
slipping (netball court)
clothing rubbing on the body (chafing)

60
Q

ISSUES SURROUNDING AN OPEN ABRASION

A

if abrasion causes an open wound, it may contain dirt or gravel and require cleaning professionally

61
Q

LACERATION

A

cut

62
Q

SUTURING

A

stitching

63
Q

LACERATION AND SUTURING RELATIONSHIP

A

if a laceration is caused, medical attention may be required for suturing

64
Q

BLOOD RULES

A

most sports now have blood rules
> requiring the player to leave the game until the bleeding stops
> irrespective of the size of the injury

65
Q

BLISTERS

A

friction forming separation of skin where a pocket of fluid forms

66
Q

BLISTERS AFFECTING PARTICIPATION

A

they are painful although will not stop participation with correct treatment

67
Q

PREVENTION’S FOR BLISTERS (3)

A

> correct training load
correct equipment
correct footwear

68
Q

CONCUSSION

A

a traumatic brain injury resulting in a disturbance of brain function

69
Q

COMMON INDICATORS OF CONCUSSION (5)

A 
> headaches 
> dizziness 
> balance problems 
> nausea 
> loss of consciousness
70
Q

LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS PERCENTAGE IN CONCUSSIONS

A

around 10%

71
Q

COMMON CAUSES OF CONCUSSION (3)

A

> direct blow to the head
direct blows to other parts of the body
caused by rapid movements of the head

72
Q

COMMON CONCUSSION SPORTS (4)

A

> boxing
rugby
football
horse racing

73
Q

BIOLOGY OF THE CONCUSSION (BRAIN) (4)

A

> the jelly like brain floats in cerebrospinal fluid within the skull
the blow to the head accelerates the brain against the rough inner wall of the skull and then rebounds back against the other side
can cause swelling and a disruption in the biochemistry and electrical processes between the neurons in the brain
leads to confusion like symptoms of a mild brain injury

74
Q

PROCEDURE IF CONCUSSION IS SUSPECTED

A

remove the athlete from the situation and see professionals

75
Q

SYMPTOMS WHICH CLEARLY INDICATE CONCUSSION (7)

A 
> post traumatic seizure
> loss of consciousness 
> balance problems 
> disorientation 
> confusion 
> dazed 
> blank expressions
76
Q

SYMPTOMS WHICH MAY INDICATE CONCUSSION (10)

A 
> lying motionless
> slow to get up
> grabbing or clutching head
> headache
> dizziness
> visual problems 
> nausea
> vomiting 
> fatigue 
> light sensitivity
77
Q

CHRONIC INJURIES RESULTING FROM CONTINUOUS STRESS TO THE BODY (7)

A 
> osteoarthritis 
> stress fractures
> bone spurs
> shin splints
> tendinosis 
> achillies tendinitis 
> tennis elbow
78
Q

OSTEOARTHRITIS

A

degeneration of articular cartilage from bone surfaces within a joint, causing pain and restricted movement

79
Q

COMMON LENGTH OF CHRONIC INJURIES

A

> occur over a prolonged period of time

> overuse injuries due to repeated or continuous stress placed on a specific part of the body

80
Q

COMMON EXAMPLES OF CHRONIC INJURIES

A

> stress fractures along the tibia of a basketball player
osteoarthritis in the knees of skiers
achillies tendinitis in runners

81
Q

COMMON INDICATORS OF CHRONIC INJURIES

A

> pain when participating
swelling after each activity
small and nagging aches in a specific area at rest

82
Q

PROBLEM IF CHRONIC INJURIES ARE UNTREATED

A

although symptoms may be milder than acute injuries, if they are left untreated they can grow into a debilitating injury that impacts daily life

83
Q

STRESS FRACTURE

A

a tiny crack in the surface of a bone caused by overuse

84
Q

COMMON CAUSES OF STRESS FRACTURES

A

fatigued muscles transferring their stress overload to the bone tissue

85
Q

COMMON SPORTS CAUSING STRESS FRACTURES (5)

A 
> distance running
> tennis 
> gymnastics 
> basketball players
> where repetitive stress of the foot on the ground without sufficient rest periods can cause trauma
86
Q

MOST COMMON AREA OF THE BODY FOR STRESS FRACTURES

A

the lower half of the body

> most often fracture of the tibia

87
Q

BONE SPURS

A

outgrowths of bone into a joint, causing pain and restricted movement

88
Q

SHIN SPLINTS

A

a term used to describe chronic skin pain

89
Q

PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SPORTS MASSAGE [6]

A 
> pumping
> increased tissue permeability
> stretching
> break down scar tissue
> improve tissue elasticity 
> open micro-circulation
90
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SPORTS MASSAGE [2]

A

> anxiety reduction

> relaxation

91
Q

STRETCHING EFFECTS [10]

A 
> encourages an optimistic outlook 
> fortifies posture 
> enables flexibility
> increases stamina
> decreases risk of injury
> improve energy levels
> promotes blood circulation
> improve athletic performance 
> reduced soreness
> reduces cholesterol
92
Q

DISLOCATIONS

A 
> anterior and posterior 
> bone is displaced from another 
> pushing joint past its range of motion 
> severe pain 
> loss of movement 
> deformity 
> swelling
93
Q

9 TYPES OF DISLOCATION

A 
> normal 
> transverse 
> oblique 
> spiral 
> comminated
> divuision
> impacted
> linear
> greenstick
94
Q

SOFT TISSUE INJURY

A

> a sprain is damage to the ligaments
a strain is damage to the muscle or tendons
a sprain is associated with a twist, impact or fall
a strain is associated with overstretching an area or contracting muscle fibres too rapidly
a sprain common game players such as in netball or rugby
a strain is common in explosive athletes such as sprinting and badminton players

95
Q

SALTAPS

A

a protocol which is used in sports situations when assessment for injury is required

96
Q

SALTAPS - S

A

stop

97
Q

SALTAPS - A

A

ask

98
Q

SALTAPS - L

A

look

99
Q

SALTAPS - T

A

touch

100
Q

SALTAPS - A

A

active motion / movement

101
Q

SALTAPS - P

A

passive motion / movement

102
Q

SALTAPS - S

A

strength testing

103
Q

SALTAPS - STOP

A

see the injury and stop the activity

> stop the game if the athlete is injured and observe the injury

104
Q

SALTAPS - ASK

A

ask for permission from the athlete to assess the injury

> ask questions about the injury

105
Q

EXAMPLES OF SALTAPS - ASK

A

> where does it hurt?
what type of pain is it?
which way did you fall?

106
Q

SALTAPS - LOOK

A

look at the athletes injury

> look for specific signs of injury

107
Q

EXAMPLES OF SALTAPS - LOOK

A 
> bruising 
> swelling
> broken skin
> deformity 
> bleeding
108
Q

SALTAPS - TOUCH

A

touch the athletes injury

> gently palpate the injured area to identify painful regions and inflammation

109
Q

SALTAPS - ACTIVE MOTION / MOVEMENT

A

ask the athlete to move their injury independently

> ask the athlete whether the injury can be moved without assistance from those helping them

110
Q

SALTAPS - PASSIVE MOTION / MOVEMENT

A

moving the injury for the athlete if there was no pain for active movement
> if active movement is able to be done then gently move the injured area through its full range of motion

111
Q

SALTAPS - STRENGTH TESTING

A

seeing how much pressure can be applied to the injury
> ask them to put pressure on their injury
> ask whether they believe they are able to continue playing
> observe movement and behaviour to determine if they are able to play

112
Q

EXAMPLES OF SALTAPS - STRENGTH TESTING

A

> weight bearing

> standing up

113
Q

CONCUSSION TREATMENT

A

the six r’s

114
Q

COMMON SIGNS OF CONCUSSION [6]

A 
> unconscious  
> dizzy
> drowsy 
> confused
> dazed
> memory loss
115
Q

CONCUSSION DELAY?

A

concussion does not always show straight away but instead can often be delayed

116
Q

WHAT TYPE OF INJURY IS A CONCUSSION

A

soft tissue, acute injury

117
Q

SIX R’S OF CONCUSSION

A 
> recognise
> remove
> refer
> rest
> recover
> return
118
Q

CONCUSSION - RECOGNISE

A

learn what signs to look for in players and learn what symptoms a player may feel
> learn to recognise the danger signs that may indicate a more serious injury which requires urgent action and calling for an ambulance

119
Q

CONCUSSION - REMOVE

A

immediately remove any player from the game if they have a suspected concussion
> ensure they are evaluated immediately by an experienced professional

120
Q

CONCUSSION - REFER

A

refer the athlete to a specalist

121
Q

CONCUSSION - REST

A

athlete cannot take part in any activity for 2 weeks

> in the 3rd week they are able to start light exercise again

122
Q

CONCUSSION - RECOVER

A

the player should rest their body and their brain

> should recover for a minimum of 14 days until symptoms have fully disappeared

123
Q

CONCUSSION - RETURN

A

ensure the athlete is symptom free before returning back to play
> they must have completed the GRTP and should be assessed by a doctor

124
Q

CONCUSSION - GRTP

A

Graduated Return To Play

125
Q

PRICE PROCEDURE

A

minor soft tissue injuries can be managed at home using PRICE procedure

126
Q

HOW LONG SHOULD AN INDIVIDUAL FOLLOW PRICE FOR

A

first two to three days after the soft tissue injury occurs

127
Q

PRICE PRINCIPLES

A 
> protect
> rest 
> ice 
> compress
> elevate
128
Q

PROTECT

A

protect your injury from further damage

> either protect using a splint or support

129
Q

REST

A

rest your injury for the first two to three days
> use crutches if there is an injured leg and want to remain mobile
> reintroduce movement gradually so recovery isn’t delayed by losing muscle strength

130
Q

ICE

A

ice the painful area with a cold with a cold compress such as ice which can be wrapped in a towel
> help to reduce swelling and bruising
> do this for every 15-20 minutes each 2 - 3 hours

131
Q

HOW OFTEN SHOULD YOU ICE AN INJURY

A

every 2 - 3 hours

every 15 - 20 minutes

132
Q

COMPRESS

A

compress the injured area to help limit swelling and movement
> use an elastic bandage or tubular bandage
> do not leave bandages on when sleeping

133
Q

ELEVATE

A

elevate the injury by resting it above the level of the heart and keep it supported
> this could using pillows or a sofa

A LEVEL PHYSICAL EDUCATION [OCR] (15 decks)

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