PAPER 1 > INJURY PREVENTION AND THE REHABILITATION OF INJURY Flashcards
ACUTE INJURIES
a sudden injury associated with a traumatic event
CHRONIC INJURIES
a slowly developed injury associated with over use
HARD TISSUE INJURY
damage to the bone, joint or cartilage including fractures and dislocations
SOFT TISSUE INJURY
damage to the skin, muscle, tendon or ligament including tears, strains and sprains
FRACTURE
a partial or complete break in a bone due to an excessive force that overcomes the bones potential to flex
COMPOUND FRACTURES OPEN OR CLOSED?
open fractures
SIMPLE FRACTURES OPEN OR CLOSED?
closed fractures
COMPOUND OPEN FRACTURES
the fractured bones themselves break through the skin, creating an open wound with a high risk of infection
SIMPLE CLOSED FRACTURES
the skin remains unbroken as the fracture causes little movement of the bone and therefore minimises the damage to the soft tissue surrounding it
HARD TISSUE INJURIES RESULT (4)
> internal bleeding
circulatory problems
joint instability
usually require hospital treatment
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES RESULT (4)
> inflammation
bruising
internal bleeding
require immediate attention to minimise recovery period
ACUTE INJURY EXAMPLE
fracture of a bone in a boxer’s jaw
COMMON CAUSES OF ACUTE INJURIES (3)
> collision between two players
falls
excessive impact from an object
CHRONIC INJURY EXAMPLE
tennis elbow
COMMON CAUSES OF CHRONIC INJURIES (9)
> overuse
sudden increase in intensity of activity
sudden increase in frequency of activity
sudden increase in duration of activity
reduction in recovery
inadequate equipment
poor technique
poor range of motion
inadequate warm up
COMMON INDICATIONS OF A FRACTURE (6)
> pain at the fracture site > inability to move joint > unnatural movement around the injured area > deformity > swelling > discoloration
COMMON CAUSES OF FRACTURES (2)
> direct force (collision or object)
> indirect force (falling or poor technique)
INCOMPLETE FRACTURE
a partial crack in the bone that doesn’t completely separate the bone
COMPLETE FRACTURE
a total break in the bone which separates the bone into one or more fragments
GREENSTICK FRACTURE
a splitting partial break in the bone resulting from a bending action
TRANSVERSE/OBLIQUE/SPIRAL FRACTURES
a crack perpendicular, diagonal or twisting diagonal respectively across the length of the bone
COMMINUTED FRACTURE
a crack producing multiple fragments of bone and a long recovery process
IMPACTED FRACTURE
a break caused by the ends of the bone being compressed together
AVULSION FRACTURE
a bone fragment detached at the site of connective tissue attachment
DISLOCATION
the displacement of one bone from another out of their original placement
COMMON CAUSES OF DISLOCATIONS (2)
> direct force (collision or object)
> indirect force (fall)
DISLOCATIONS CAUSE THE JOINT TO
push past its extreme range of motion
TYPICAL SITES FOR DISLOCATIONS (7)
> shoulder > hip > knee > ankle > elbow > fingers > toes
COMMON INDICATIONS OF A DISLOCATION (5)
> severe pain at the injury site > loss of movement > deformity > swelling > 'pop' feeling
DISLOCATION REQUIREMENTS
medical specialist treatment to put back into place and to ensure the joint is put back in the correct alignment without causing further damage
SUBLAXATION
an incomplete or partial dislocation
SUBLAXATION DAMAGE
often causes damage to the ligaments that connect bone to bone
SUBLAXATION OVERSTRETCH
ligaments can permanently lengthen which decreases joint stability and increases the likelihood of recurrent dislocations
RESULT OF OVERSTRETCH SUBLAXATION AND DISLOCATIONS
result in surgeries and compromise a long term playing career
RUPTURE
a complete tear of a muscle, tendon or ligament
HAEMATOMA
localised congealed bleeding from the ruptured blood vessels
CONTUSION IS ALSO KNOWN AS A
bruise
CONTUSION
a bruise in an area of skin or tissue which the blood vessels have ruptured (torn)
MINOR CONTUSIONS
heal quickly by themselves without the athlete having to have a break in lay or training
SEVERE CONTUSIONS
can cause deep tissue damage and therefore prevent participation in sport for months
SPRAIN
overstretch or a tear in the ligament that connects bone to bone
COMMON CAUSES OF SPRAINS (4)
> sudden impact
sudden twist
sudden fall
forcing the joint beyond its extreme range of motion
COMMON SITES FOR SPRAINS (2)
> ankles
knees
thumbs
COMMON INDICATORS OF A SPRAIN (5)
> pain > swelling > bruising > inability to bear weight > possible dislocation
4 DIFFERENT SEVERITY’S OF SPRAINS
> first degree sprain
second degree sprain
tear
third degree sprain
FIRST DEGREE SPRAIN
overstretching a few ligament fibres
SECOND DEGREE SPRAIN
partial tear of ligament fibres
TEAR
a total rupture
THIRD DEGREE SPRAIN
detachment of a ligament from the bone
STRAIN
overstretch or tear in the muscle or tendon that connects muscle to bone
COMMON CAUSES OF A STRAIN (3)
> overstretching a particular area
contracting muscle fibres too quickly resulting in an overstretch
partial or complete rupture of the muscle fibres and tendons
MOST COMMON SPORTS FOR STRAINS (3)
> dynamic lunging (badminton)
sprinting out of a block (track sprinting)
contact activities (tackles in rugby/football)
COMMON INDICATORS OF A STRAIN
> pain on movement
swelling
discoloration
bruising
3 DIFFERENT SEVERITY’S OF STRAINS
> grade 1
grade 2
grade 3
GRADE 1 STRAIN
minor damage to the fibres
GRADE 2 STRAIN
more extensive damage but not completely ruptured
GRADE 3 STRAIN
complete rupture which will require surgery and significant rehabilitation
ABRASION
superficial damage to the skin caused by a scraping action against a surface
COMMON CAUSES FOR ABRASIONS (3)
> falling (athletics track)
slipping (netball court)
clothing rubbing on the body (chafing)
ISSUES SURROUNDING AN OPEN ABRASION
if abrasion causes an open wound, it may contain dirt or gravel and require cleaning professionally
LACERATION
cut
SUTURING
stitching
LACERATION AND SUTURING RELATIONSHIP
if a laceration is caused, medical attention may be required for suturing
BLOOD RULES
most sports now have blood rules
> requiring the player to leave the game until the bleeding stops
> irrespective of the size of the injury
BLISTERS
friction forming separation of skin where a pocket of fluid forms
BLISTERS AFFECTING PARTICIPATION
they are painful although will not stop participation with correct treatment
PREVENTION’S FOR BLISTERS (3)
> correct training load
correct equipment
correct footwear
CONCUSSION
a traumatic brain injury resulting in a disturbance of brain function
COMMON INDICATORS OF CONCUSSION (5)
> headaches > dizziness > balance problems > nausea > loss of consciousness
LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS PERCENTAGE IN CONCUSSIONS
around 10%
COMMON CAUSES OF CONCUSSION (3)
> direct blow to the head
direct blows to other parts of the body
caused by rapid movements of the head
COMMON CONCUSSION SPORTS (4)
> boxing
rugby
football
horse racing
BIOLOGY OF THE CONCUSSION (BRAIN) (4)
> the jelly like brain floats in cerebrospinal fluid within the skull
the blow to the head accelerates the brain against the rough inner wall of the skull and then rebounds back against the other side
can cause swelling and a disruption in the biochemistry and electrical processes between the neurons in the brain
leads to confusion like symptoms of a mild brain injury
PROCEDURE IF CONCUSSION IS SUSPECTED
remove the athlete from the situation and see professionals
SYMPTOMS WHICH CLEARLY INDICATE CONCUSSION (7)
> post traumatic seizure > loss of consciousness > balance problems > disorientation > confusion > dazed > blank expressions
SYMPTOMS WHICH MAY INDICATE CONCUSSION (10)
> lying motionless > slow to get up > grabbing or clutching head > headache > dizziness > visual problems > nausea > vomiting > fatigue > light sensitivity
CHRONIC INJURIES RESULTING FROM CONTINUOUS STRESS TO THE BODY (7)
> osteoarthritis > stress fractures > bone spurs > shin splints > tendinosis > achillies tendinitis > tennis elbow
OSTEOARTHRITIS
degeneration of articular cartilage from bone surfaces within a joint, causing pain and restricted movement
COMMON LENGTH OF CHRONIC INJURIES
> occur over a prolonged period of time
> overuse injuries due to repeated or continuous stress placed on a specific part of the body
COMMON EXAMPLES OF CHRONIC INJURIES
> stress fractures along the tibia of a basketball player
osteoarthritis in the knees of skiers
achillies tendinitis in runners
COMMON INDICATORS OF CHRONIC INJURIES
> pain when participating
swelling after each activity
small and nagging aches in a specific area at rest
PROBLEM IF CHRONIC INJURIES ARE UNTREATED
although symptoms may be milder than acute injuries, if they are left untreated they can grow into a debilitating injury that impacts daily life
STRESS FRACTURE
a tiny crack in the surface of a bone caused by overuse
COMMON CAUSES OF STRESS FRACTURES
fatigued muscles transferring their stress overload to the bone tissue
COMMON SPORTS CAUSING STRESS FRACTURES (5)
> distance running > tennis > gymnastics > basketball players > where repetitive stress of the foot on the ground without sufficient rest periods can cause trauma
MOST COMMON AREA OF THE BODY FOR STRESS FRACTURES
the lower half of the body
> most often fracture of the tibia
BONE SPURS
outgrowths of bone into a joint, causing pain and restricted movement
SHIN SPLINTS
a term used to describe chronic skin pain
PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SPORTS MASSAGE [6]
> pumping > increased tissue permeability > stretching > break down scar tissue > improve tissue elasticity > open micro-circulation
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SPORTS MASSAGE [2]
> anxiety reduction
> relaxation
STRETCHING EFFECTS [10]
> encourages an optimistic outlook > fortifies posture > enables flexibility > increases stamina > decreases risk of injury > improve energy levels > promotes blood circulation > improve athletic performance > reduced soreness > reduces cholesterol
DISLOCATIONS
> anterior and posterior > bone is displaced from another > pushing joint past its range of motion > severe pain > loss of movement > deformity > swelling
9 TYPES OF DISLOCATION
> normal > transverse > oblique > spiral > comminated > divuision > impacted > linear > greenstick
SOFT TISSUE INJURY
> a sprain is damage to the ligaments
a strain is damage to the muscle or tendons
a sprain is associated with a twist, impact or fall
a strain is associated with overstretching an area or contracting muscle fibres too rapidly
a sprain common game players such as in netball or rugby
a strain is common in explosive athletes such as sprinting and badminton players
SALTAPS
a protocol which is used in sports situations when assessment for injury is required
SALTAPS - S
stop
SALTAPS - A
ask
SALTAPS - L
look
SALTAPS - T
touch
SALTAPS - A
active motion / movement
SALTAPS - P
passive motion / movement
SALTAPS - S
strength testing
SALTAPS - STOP
see the injury and stop the activity
> stop the game if the athlete is injured and observe the injury
SALTAPS - ASK
ask for permission from the athlete to assess the injury
> ask questions about the injury
EXAMPLES OF SALTAPS - ASK
> where does it hurt?
what type of pain is it?
which way did you fall?
SALTAPS - LOOK
look at the athletes injury
> look for specific signs of injury
EXAMPLES OF SALTAPS - LOOK
> bruising > swelling > broken skin > deformity > bleeding
SALTAPS - TOUCH
touch the athletes injury
> gently palpate the injured area to identify painful regions and inflammation
SALTAPS - ACTIVE MOTION / MOVEMENT
ask the athlete to move their injury independently
> ask the athlete whether the injury can be moved without assistance from those helping them
SALTAPS - PASSIVE MOTION / MOVEMENT
moving the injury for the athlete if there was no pain for active movement
> if active movement is able to be done then gently move the injured area through its full range of motion
SALTAPS - STRENGTH TESTING
seeing how much pressure can be applied to the injury
> ask them to put pressure on their injury
> ask whether they believe they are able to continue playing
> observe movement and behaviour to determine if they are able to play
EXAMPLES OF SALTAPS - STRENGTH TESTING
> weight bearing
> standing up
CONCUSSION TREATMENT
the six r’s
COMMON SIGNS OF CONCUSSION [6]
> unconscious > dizzy > drowsy > confused > dazed > memory loss
CONCUSSION DELAY?
concussion does not always show straight away but instead can often be delayed
WHAT TYPE OF INJURY IS A CONCUSSION
soft tissue, acute injury
SIX R’S OF CONCUSSION
> recognise > remove > refer > rest > recover > return
CONCUSSION - RECOGNISE
learn what signs to look for in players and learn what symptoms a player may feel
> learn to recognise the danger signs that may indicate a more serious injury which requires urgent action and calling for an ambulance
CONCUSSION - REMOVE
immediately remove any player from the game if they have a suspected concussion
> ensure they are evaluated immediately by an experienced professional
CONCUSSION - REFER
refer the athlete to a specalist
CONCUSSION - REST
athlete cannot take part in any activity for 2 weeks
> in the 3rd week they are able to start light exercise again
CONCUSSION - RECOVER
the player should rest their body and their brain
> should recover for a minimum of 14 days until symptoms have fully disappeared
CONCUSSION - RETURN
ensure the athlete is symptom free before returning back to play
> they must have completed the GRTP and should be assessed by a doctor
CONCUSSION - GRTP
Graduated Return To Play
PRICE PROCEDURE
minor soft tissue injuries can be managed at home using PRICE procedure
HOW LONG SHOULD AN INDIVIDUAL FOLLOW PRICE FOR
first two to three days after the soft tissue injury occurs
PRICE PRINCIPLES
> protect > rest > ice > compress > elevate
PROTECT
protect your injury from further damage
> either protect using a splint or support
REST
rest your injury for the first two to three days
> use crutches if there is an injured leg and want to remain mobile
> reintroduce movement gradually so recovery isn’t delayed by losing muscle strength
ICE
ice the painful area with a cold with a cold compress such as ice which can be wrapped in a towel
> help to reduce swelling and bruising
> do this for every 15-20 minutes each 2 - 3 hours
HOW OFTEN SHOULD YOU ICE AN INJURY
every 2 - 3 hours
every 15 - 20 minutes
COMPRESS
compress the injured area to help limit swelling and movement
> use an elastic bandage or tubular bandage
> do not leave bandages on when sleeping
ELEVATE
elevate the injury by resting it above the level of the heart and keep it supported
> this could using pillows or a sofa
