PAPER 1 > ENERGY FOR EXERCISE Flashcards
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
a high energy compound which is the only immediately available source of energy for muscular contraction
ATPASE
an enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of ATP
EXOTHERMIC REACTION
a reaction that releases energy
ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE
a compound formed by the removal of phosphate bond from ATP
ENDOTHERMIC REACTION
a chemical reaction which absorbs energy
CREATINE KINASE
an enzyme which catalyses the break down of phosphocreatine
COUPLED REACTION
where the products of one reaction are used in another reaction and they usually work together and at the same time
3 ENERGY SYSTEMS
> ATP/PC system
glycolytic / lactic acid system
aerobic system
PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE (PFK)
an enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of glucose (glycolysis)
FULL NAME OF PFK ENZYME
phosphofructokinase
phospho - fructo - kinase
ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS
the partial breakdown of glucose into pyvurick acid
LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE (LDH)
an enzyme which catalyses the conversion of pyvurick acid to lactic acid
FULL NAME OF LDH ENZYME
lactate dehydrogenase
lactate de - hydro - genase
ATP/PC SYSTEM : TYPE OF REACTION
anaerobic
ATP/PC SYSTEM : SITE
sarcoplasm of cell
ATP/PC SYSTEM : FOOD FUEL
phosphocreatine
ATP/PC SYSTEM : ENZYME
creatine kinase
ATP/PC SYSTEM : ATP YIELD
1:1
1 mole of PC : 1 mole of ATP
ATP/PC SYSTEM : STAGES
> PC - P + C + energy (exo)
> energy + P + ADP - ATP (endo)
ATP/PC SYSTEM : BY PRODUCTS
none
ATP/PC SYSTEM : INTENSITY
very high intensity
ATP/PC SYSTEM : DURATION
2 - 10 seconds
ATP/PC SYSTEM STRENGTHS
> no delay for oxygen
PC readily available in the muscle cell
simple and rapid breakdown of PC and resynthesise of ATP
ATP/PC SYSTEM WEAKNESSES
> low ATP yield
small PC stores
both lead to rapid fatigue after 8 - 10 seconds
GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM : STAGES
> anaerobic glycolysis : glycogen/glucose - pyvurick acid + energy
lactate pathway : pyvurick acid - lactic acid = energy + 2P + 2ADP - 2ATP (endo)
GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM : BY PRODUCTS
lactic acid
GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM : INTENSITY
high intensity
GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM : DURATION
up to 3 minutes
GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM STRENGTHS
> no delay for oxygen
> large fuel stores in the liver / muscles / blood stream
GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM WEAKNESSES
> fatiguing by product lactic acid reduces pH and enzyme activity
relatively low ATP yield
KREBS CYCLE
second stage of the aerobic system producing energy to resynthesise 2 ATP in the mitochondria
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC)
the third stage of the aerobic system producing energy to resynthesise 34 ATP in the mitochondria
AEROBIC SYSTEM : TYPE OF REACTION
aerobic
AEROBIC SYSTEM : SITE
> sarcoplasm
mitochondria
cristae
AEROBIC SYSTEM : FOOD FUEL
glycogen / glucose
AEROBIC SYSTEM : CONTROLLING ENZYME
PFK
AEROBIC SYSTEM : ATP YIELD
1:38 (1 mole of glycogen : 38 moles of ATP)
AEROBIC SYSTEM : STAGES
> aerobic glycolysis
krebs cycle
electron transport chain
AEROBIC SYSTEM : BY PRODUCTS
> CO2
> H2O
AEROBIC SYSTEM STRENGTHS
> large fuel stores of glycogen and glucose
high ATP yield
long duration of energy
AEROBIC SYSTEM WEAKNESSES
> delay for oxygen delivery
> complex series of reactions
AEROBIC SYSTEM : INTENSITY
low to moderate
> submaximal
AEROBIC SYSTEM : DURATION
3 minutes +
3 FACTORS COMING FROM THE KREBS CYCLE
> hydrogen
CO2
2 ATP
AEROBIC SYSTEM : WHERE DO THE 38 ATP COME FROM
> 2 ATP from glycolytic system
2 ATP from krebs cycle
34 ATP from ETC
OBLA
Onset Blood Lactic Acid
> the onset of blood lactate accumulation
> the point where blood lactate levels significantly rise and fatigue sets in
BUFFERING CAPACITY
the ability of hydrogen carbonate ions (buffers) to neutralise the effects of lactic acid in the blood stream
ENERGY CONTINUUM
the relative contribution of each energy system to overall energy production depending on intensity and duration of the activity
HIGH INTENSITY : < 10 SECONDS SYSTEM AND EXAMPLE
> ATP/PC system
sprinters
athletic throws
HIGH INTENSITY : 10 SECONDS - 3 MINUTES AND EXAMPLE
> glycolytic system
lactic acid system
400m swim
200m swim
LOW - MODERATE INTENSITY : > 3 MINUTES AND EXAMPLE
> aerobic system
marathon
cross country skiing
LACTATE THRESHOLD
the maximal effort or intensity that an athlete can maintain for an extended period of time
LACTATE THRESHOLD WITH ENERGY SYSTEMS
the amount of lactic acid that the athlete can keep in their body before moving into another energy system
WORK : RELIEF
the volume of relief in relation to the volume of work performed
EPOC
the volume of oxygen that would be required to complete an activity entirely aerobically
ATHLETES INCREASE OR DECREASE LACTATE THRESHOLD
increase
> want to maximise the amount of lactic acid they can maintain in their body whilst working before moving into the aerobic system
> work harder for longer
ENERGY CONTINUUM : UNTRAINED ATHLETE SHIFT
shift to the left
ENERGY CONTINUUM : TRAINED ATHLETE SHIFT
shift to the right
EVERYDAY LIFE AEROBIC SYSTEM
living and breathing
6 FACTORS AFFECTING THE ENERGY CONTINUUM
> levels of fitness (VO2 max / OBLA ) > O2 availability > food fuels available > intensity of exercise > duration of exercise > recovery periods
HOW DOES TURN INTO ADP
when ATP is broken down it turns into ADP through an exothermic reaction
RECOVERY PROCESS : FAST COMPONENT
alactacid
FAST COMPONENT : RESYSTHESISES
> ATP stores
> PC stores
FAST COMPONENT : CHEMICAL REACTION
endothermic reaction
FAST COMPONENT : DURATION
2 - 3 minutes
the recovery process occurs immediately after finishing exercise and lasts this long
FAST COMPONENT : PC STORES REPLENISHMENT
50% in 30 seconds
(50% of PC stores are replenished in 30 seconds)
> good for sprinters
FAST COMPONENT : LITRES OF O2 REQUIRED
1 - 4 litres of O2 required
it takes 4 litres in the lungs for the athlete to be able to recover
FAST COMPONENT : MYGLOBIN
re-saturates myglobin
O2 binds back to myglobin in the muscles
RECOVERY PROCESS : SLOW COMPONENT
lactacid
lactic acid
SLOW COMPONENT : DURATION
1 + hour
the recovery process occurs immediately after finishing exercise and lasts this long
SLOW COMPONENT : LITRES OF O2 REQUIRED
5 - 8 litres of O2 required
it takes 5+ litres of O2 in the lungs for the athlete to be able to recover
7 IMPLICATIONS OF RECOVERY ON TRAINING
> warm up > active recovery > cooling aids > intensity of training > work:relief ratios > strategies and tactics > nutrition (pre/post)