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A LEVEL PHYSICAL EDUCATION [OCR] > PAPER 1 > ENERGY FOR EXERCISE > Flashcards

PAPER 1 > ENERGY FOR EXERCISE Flashcards

1
Q

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

A

a high energy compound which is the only immediately available source of energy for muscular contraction

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2
Q

ATPASE

A

an enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of ATP

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3
Q

EXOTHERMIC REACTION

A

a reaction that releases energy

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4
Q

ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE

A

a compound formed by the removal of phosphate bond from ATP

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5
Q

ENDOTHERMIC REACTION

A

a chemical reaction which absorbs energy

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6
Q

CREATINE KINASE

A

an enzyme which catalyses the break down of phosphocreatine

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7
Q

COUPLED REACTION

A

where the products of one reaction are used in another reaction and they usually work together and at the same time

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8
Q

3 ENERGY SYSTEMS

A

> ATP/PC system
glycolytic / lactic acid system
aerobic system

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9
Q

PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE (PFK)

A

an enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of glucose (glycolysis)

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10
Q

FULL NAME OF PFK ENZYME

A

phosphofructokinase

phospho - fructo - kinase

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11
Q

ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS

A

the partial breakdown of glucose into pyvurick acid

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12
Q

LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE (LDH)

A

an enzyme which catalyses the conversion of pyvurick acid to lactic acid

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13
Q

FULL NAME OF LDH ENZYME

A

lactate dehydrogenase

lactate de - hydro - genase

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14
Q

ATP/PC SYSTEM : TYPE OF REACTION

A

anaerobic

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15
Q

ATP/PC SYSTEM : SITE

A

sarcoplasm of cell

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16
Q

ATP/PC SYSTEM : FOOD FUEL

A

phosphocreatine

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17
Q

ATP/PC SYSTEM : ENZYME

A

creatine kinase

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18
Q

ATP/PC SYSTEM : ATP YIELD

A

1:1

1 mole of PC : 1 mole of ATP

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19
Q

ATP/PC SYSTEM : STAGES

A

> PC - P + C + energy (exo)

> energy + P + ADP - ATP (endo)

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20
Q

ATP/PC SYSTEM : BY PRODUCTS

A

none

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21
Q

ATP/PC SYSTEM : INTENSITY

A

very high intensity

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22
Q

ATP/PC SYSTEM : DURATION

A

2 - 10 seconds

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23
Q

ATP/PC SYSTEM STRENGTHS

A

> no delay for oxygen
PC readily available in the muscle cell
simple and rapid breakdown of PC and resynthesise of ATP

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24
Q

ATP/PC SYSTEM WEAKNESSES

A

> low ATP yield
small PC stores
both lead to rapid fatigue after 8 - 10 seconds

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25
Q

GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM : STAGES

A

> anaerobic glycolysis : glycogen/glucose - pyvurick acid + energy
lactate pathway : pyvurick acid - lactic acid = energy + 2P + 2ADP - 2ATP (endo)

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26
Q

GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM : BY PRODUCTS

A

lactic acid

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27
Q

GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM : INTENSITY

A

high intensity

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28
Q

GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM : DURATION

A

up to 3 minutes

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29
Q

GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM STRENGTHS

A

> no delay for oxygen

> large fuel stores in the liver / muscles / blood stream

30
Q

GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM WEAKNESSES

A

> fatiguing by product lactic acid reduces pH and enzyme activity
relatively low ATP yield

31
Q

KREBS CYCLE

A

second stage of the aerobic system producing energy to resynthesise 2 ATP in the mitochondria

32
Q

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC)

A

the third stage of the aerobic system producing energy to resynthesise 34 ATP in the mitochondria

33
Q

AEROBIC SYSTEM : TYPE OF REACTION

34
Q

AEROBIC SYSTEM : SITE

A

> sarcoplasm
mitochondria
cristae

35
Q

AEROBIC SYSTEM : FOOD FUEL

A

glycogen / glucose

36
Q

AEROBIC SYSTEM : CONTROLLING ENZYME

37
Q

AEROBIC SYSTEM : ATP YIELD

A

1:38 (1 mole of glycogen : 38 moles of ATP)

38
Q

AEROBIC SYSTEM : STAGES

A

> aerobic glycolysis
krebs cycle
electron transport chain

39
Q

AEROBIC SYSTEM : BY PRODUCTS

A

> CO2

> H2O

40
Q

AEROBIC SYSTEM STRENGTHS

A

> large fuel stores of glycogen and glucose
high ATP yield
long duration of energy

41
Q

AEROBIC SYSTEM WEAKNESSES

A

> delay for oxygen delivery

> complex series of reactions

42
Q

AEROBIC SYSTEM : INTENSITY

A

low to moderate

> submaximal

43
Q

AEROBIC SYSTEM : DURATION

A

3 minutes +

44
Q

3 FACTORS COMING FROM THE KREBS CYCLE

A

> hydrogen
CO2
2 ATP

45
Q

AEROBIC SYSTEM : WHERE DO THE 38 ATP COME FROM

A

> 2 ATP from glycolytic system
2 ATP from krebs cycle
34 ATP from ETC

46
Q

OBLA

A

Onset Blood Lactic Acid
> the onset of blood lactate accumulation
> the point where blood lactate levels significantly rise and fatigue sets in

47
Q

BUFFERING CAPACITY

A

the ability of hydrogen carbonate ions (buffers) to neutralise the effects of lactic acid in the blood stream

48
Q

ENERGY CONTINUUM

A

the relative contribution of each energy system to overall energy production depending on intensity and duration of the activity

49
Q

HIGH INTENSITY : < 10 SECONDS SYSTEM AND EXAMPLE

A

> ATP/PC system
sprinters
athletic throws

50
Q

HIGH INTENSITY : 10 SECONDS - 3 MINUTES AND EXAMPLE

A

> glycolytic system
lactic acid system
400m swim
200m swim

51
Q

LOW - MODERATE INTENSITY : > 3 MINUTES AND EXAMPLE

A

> aerobic system
marathon
cross country skiing

52
Q

LACTATE THRESHOLD

A

the maximal effort or intensity that an athlete can maintain for an extended period of time

53
Q

LACTATE THRESHOLD WITH ENERGY SYSTEMS

A

the amount of lactic acid that the athlete can keep in their body before moving into another energy system

54
Q

WORK : RELIEF

A

the volume of relief in relation to the volume of work performed

55
Q

EPOC

A

the volume of oxygen that would be required to complete an activity entirely aerobically

56
Q

ATHLETES INCREASE OR DECREASE LACTATE THRESHOLD

A

increase
> want to maximise the amount of lactic acid they can maintain in their body whilst working before moving into the aerobic system
> work harder for longer

57
Q

ENERGY CONTINUUM : UNTRAINED ATHLETE SHIFT

A

shift to the left

58
Q

ENERGY CONTINUUM : TRAINED ATHLETE SHIFT

A

shift to the right

59
Q

EVERYDAY LIFE AEROBIC SYSTEM

A

living and breathing

60
Q

6 FACTORS AFFECTING THE ENERGY CONTINUUM

A 
> levels of fitness (VO2 max / OBLA )
> O2 availability 
> food fuels available
> intensity of exercise 
> duration of exercise 
> recovery periods
61
Q

HOW DOES TURN INTO ADP

A

when ATP is broken down it turns into ADP through an exothermic reaction

62
Q

RECOVERY PROCESS : FAST COMPONENT

63
Q

FAST COMPONENT : RESYSTHESISES

A

> ATP stores

> PC stores

64
Q

FAST COMPONENT : CHEMICAL REACTION

A

endothermic reaction

65
Q

FAST COMPONENT : DURATION

A

2 - 3 minutes

the recovery process occurs immediately after finishing exercise and lasts this long

66
Q

FAST COMPONENT : PC STORES REPLENISHMENT

A

50% in 30 seconds
(50% of PC stores are replenished in 30 seconds)
> good for sprinters

67
Q

FAST COMPONENT : LITRES OF O2 REQUIRED

A

1 - 4 litres of O2 required

it takes 4 litres in the lungs for the athlete to be able to recover

68
Q

FAST COMPONENT : MYGLOBIN

A

re-saturates myglobin

O2 binds back to myglobin in the muscles

69
Q

RECOVERY PROCESS : SLOW COMPONENT

A

lactacid

lactic acid

70
Q

SLOW COMPONENT : DURATION

A

1 + hour

the recovery process occurs immediately after finishing exercise and lasts this long

71
Q

SLOW COMPONENT : LITRES OF O2 REQUIRED

A

5 - 8 litres of O2 required

it takes 5+ litres of O2 in the lungs for the athlete to be able to recover

72
Q

7 IMPLICATIONS OF RECOVERY ON TRAINING

A 
> warm up 
> active recovery 
> cooling aids 
> intensity of training 
> work:relief ratios
> strategies and tactics 
> nutrition (pre/post)

A LEVEL PHYSICAL EDUCATION [OCR] (15 decks)

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