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A LEVEL PHYSICAL EDUCATION [OCR] > PAPER 1 > ENERGY FOR EXERCISE > Flashcards

PAPER 1 > ENERGY FOR EXERCISE Flashcards

1
Q

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

A

a high energy compound which is the only immediately available source of energy for muscular contraction

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2
Q

ATPASE

A

an enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of ATP

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3
Q

EXOTHERMIC REACTION

A

a reaction that releases energy

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4
Q

ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE

A

a compound formed by the removal of phosphate bond from ATP

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5
Q

ENDOTHERMIC REACTION

A

a chemical reaction which absorbs energy

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6
Q

CREATINE KINASE

A

an enzyme which catalyses the break down of phosphocreatine

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7
Q

COUPLED REACTION

A

where the products of one reaction are used in another reaction and they usually work together and at the same time

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8
Q

3 ENERGY SYSTEMS

A

> ATP/PC system
glycolytic / lactic acid system
aerobic system

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9
Q

PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE (PFK)

A

an enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of glucose (glycolysis)

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10
Q

FULL NAME OF PFK ENZYME

A

phosphofructokinase

phospho - fructo - kinase

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11
Q

ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS

A

the partial breakdown of glucose into pyvurick acid

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12
Q

LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE (LDH)

A

an enzyme which catalyses the conversion of pyvurick acid to lactic acid

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13
Q

FULL NAME OF LDH ENZYME

A

lactate dehydrogenase

lactate de - hydro - genase

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14
Q

ATP/PC SYSTEM : TYPE OF REACTION

A

anaerobic

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15
Q

ATP/PC SYSTEM : SITE

A

sarcoplasm of cell

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16
Q

ATP/PC SYSTEM : FOOD FUEL

A

phosphocreatine

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17
Q

ATP/PC SYSTEM : ENZYME

A

creatine kinase

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18
Q

ATP/PC SYSTEM : ATP YIELD

A

1:1

1 mole of PC : 1 mole of ATP

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19
Q

ATP/PC SYSTEM : STAGES

A

> PC - P + C + energy (exo)

> energy + P + ADP - ATP (endo)

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20
Q

ATP/PC SYSTEM : BY PRODUCTS

A

none

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21
Q

ATP/PC SYSTEM : INTENSITY

A

very high intensity

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22
Q

ATP/PC SYSTEM : DURATION

A

2 - 10 seconds

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23
Q

ATP/PC SYSTEM STRENGTHS

A

> no delay for oxygen
PC readily available in the muscle cell
simple and rapid breakdown of PC and resynthesise of ATP

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24
Q

ATP/PC SYSTEM WEAKNESSES

A

> low ATP yield
small PC stores
both lead to rapid fatigue after 8 - 10 seconds

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25
GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM : STAGES
> anaerobic glycolysis : glycogen/glucose - pyvurick acid + energy > lactate pathway : pyvurick acid - lactic acid = energy + 2P + 2ADP - 2ATP (endo)
26
GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM : BY PRODUCTS
lactic acid
27
GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM : INTENSITY
high intensity
28
GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM : DURATION
up to 3 minutes
29
GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM STRENGTHS
> no delay for oxygen | > large fuel stores in the liver / muscles / blood stream
30
GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM WEAKNESSES
> fatiguing by product lactic acid reduces pH and enzyme activity > relatively low ATP yield
31
KREBS CYCLE
second stage of the aerobic system producing energy to resynthesise 2 ATP in the mitochondria
32
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC)
the third stage of the aerobic system producing energy to resynthesise 34 ATP in the mitochondria
33
AEROBIC SYSTEM : TYPE OF REACTION
aerobic
34
AEROBIC SYSTEM : SITE
> sarcoplasm > mitochondria > cristae
35
AEROBIC SYSTEM : FOOD FUEL
glycogen / glucose
36
AEROBIC SYSTEM : CONTROLLING ENZYME
PFK
37
AEROBIC SYSTEM : ATP YIELD
1:38 (1 mole of glycogen : 38 moles of ATP)
38
AEROBIC SYSTEM : STAGES
> aerobic glycolysis > krebs cycle > electron transport chain
39
AEROBIC SYSTEM : BY PRODUCTS
> CO2 | > H2O
40
AEROBIC SYSTEM STRENGTHS
> large fuel stores of glycogen and glucose > high ATP yield > long duration of energy
41
AEROBIC SYSTEM WEAKNESSES
> delay for oxygen delivery | > complex series of reactions
42
AEROBIC SYSTEM : INTENSITY
low to moderate | > submaximal
43
AEROBIC SYSTEM : DURATION
3 minutes +
44
3 FACTORS COMING FROM THE KREBS CYCLE
> hydrogen > CO2 > 2 ATP
45
AEROBIC SYSTEM : WHERE DO THE 38 ATP COME FROM
> 2 ATP from glycolytic system > 2 ATP from krebs cycle > 34 ATP from ETC
46
OBLA
Onset Blood Lactic Acid > the onset of blood lactate accumulation > the point where blood lactate levels significantly rise and fatigue sets in
47
BUFFERING CAPACITY
the ability of hydrogen carbonate ions (buffers) to neutralise the effects of lactic acid in the blood stream
48
ENERGY CONTINUUM
the relative contribution of each energy system to overall energy production depending on intensity and duration of the activity
49
HIGH INTENSITY : < 10 SECONDS SYSTEM AND EXAMPLE
> ATP/PC system > sprinters > athletic throws
50
HIGH INTENSITY : 10 SECONDS - 3 MINUTES AND EXAMPLE
> glycolytic system > lactic acid system > 400m swim > 200m swim
51
LOW - MODERATE INTENSITY : > 3 MINUTES AND EXAMPLE
> aerobic system > marathon > cross country skiing
52
LACTATE THRESHOLD
the maximal effort or intensity that an athlete can maintain for an extended period of time
53
LACTATE THRESHOLD WITH ENERGY SYSTEMS
the amount of lactic acid that the athlete can keep in their body before moving into another energy system
54
WORK : RELIEF
the volume of relief in relation to the volume of work performed
55
EPOC
the volume of oxygen that would be required to complete an activity entirely aerobically
56
ATHLETES INCREASE OR DECREASE LACTATE THRESHOLD
increase > want to maximise the amount of lactic acid they can maintain in their body whilst working before moving into the aerobic system > work harder for longer
57
ENERGY CONTINUUM : UNTRAINED ATHLETE SHIFT
shift to the left
58
ENERGY CONTINUUM : TRAINED ATHLETE SHIFT
shift to the right
59
EVERYDAY LIFE AEROBIC SYSTEM
living and breathing
60
6 FACTORS AFFECTING THE ENERGY CONTINUUM
``` > levels of fitness (VO2 max / OBLA ) > O2 availability > food fuels available > intensity of exercise > duration of exercise > recovery periods ```
61
HOW DOES TURN INTO ADP
when ATP is broken down it turns into ADP through an exothermic reaction
62
RECOVERY PROCESS : FAST COMPONENT
alactacid
63
FAST COMPONENT : RESYSTHESISES
> ATP stores | > PC stores
64
FAST COMPONENT : CHEMICAL REACTION
endothermic reaction
65
FAST COMPONENT : DURATION
2 - 3 minutes | the recovery process occurs immediately after finishing exercise and lasts this long
66
FAST COMPONENT : PC STORES REPLENISHMENT
50% in 30 seconds (50% of PC stores are replenished in 30 seconds) > good for sprinters
67
FAST COMPONENT : LITRES OF O2 REQUIRED
1 - 4 litres of O2 required | it takes 4 litres in the lungs for the athlete to be able to recover
68
FAST COMPONENT : MYGLOBIN
re-saturates myglobin | O2 binds back to myglobin in the muscles
69
RECOVERY PROCESS : SLOW COMPONENT
lactacid | lactic acid
70
SLOW COMPONENT : DURATION
1 + hour | the recovery process occurs immediately after finishing exercise and lasts this long
71
SLOW COMPONENT : LITRES OF O2 REQUIRED
5 - 8 litres of O2 required | it takes 5+ litres of O2 in the lungs for the athlete to be able to recover
72
7 IMPLICATIONS OF RECOVERY ON TRAINING
``` > warm up > active recovery > cooling aids > intensity of training > work:relief ratios > strategies and tactics > nutrition (pre/post) ```

A LEVEL PHYSICAL EDUCATION [OCR] (15 decks)

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