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A LEVEL PHYSICAL EDUCATION [OCR] > PAPER 1 > ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON THE BODY SYSTEMS > Flashcards

PAPER 1 > ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON THE BODY SYSTEMS Flashcards

1
Q

BAROMETRIC PRESSURE

A

baro means pressure and therefore means for barometric pressure of the earth
> altitude

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2
Q

PRESSURE FROM THE EARTH

A

> lower pressure from the earth at altitude

> lower amount of oxygen at altitude

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3
Q

MEASUREMENT CONSIDERED AS ALTITUDE

A

1500m

> about a mile

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4
Q

WHAT HAPPENS AS 1000M IS ADDED

A

as you increase each by 1000m there is a 8-11% decrease in performance
> +1000m = 8-11% decrease in performance
> +1000m = 8-11% decrease in performance

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5
Q

PARTIAL PRESSURE SEA LEVEL AND BODY

A

> there is a higher partial pressure of oxygen in sea
there is a lower partial pressure of oxygen in body
the oxygen from the sea level diffuses into the body in order to create an equilibrium

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6
Q

WHAT PRESSURE ARE YOU WORKING UNDER WHEN AT ALTITUDE

A

barometric

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7
Q

EPOC

A

the volume of oxygen consumed post exercise to return the body to a pre-exercise state

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8
Q

OXYGEN DEFICIT

A

the volume of oxygen that would be required to complete an activity entirely aerobically

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9
Q

FAST ALACTACID COMPONENT OF RECOVERY

A

the initial fast stage of EPOC where oxygen consumed within three minutes re-saturates haemoglobin and myoglobin stores and provides the energy for ATP and PC resynthesis

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10
Q

GLYCONEOGENESIS

A

the formation of glucose/glycogen from substrates such as pyvurick acid

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11
Q

7 IMPLICATIONS OF RECOVERY ON TRAINING

A 
> warm up 
> active recovery 
> cooling aids
> intensity of training 
> work:relief
> strategies and tactics 
> nutrition
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12
Q

WARM UP

A

by performing a warm up, respiratory, heart and metabolic rates increase accelerating use of the aerobic system which minimises the time spent using the anaerobic energy systems for energy production and the associated lactic acid accumulation
> this will reduce the oxygen deficit, limiting the amount of oxygen required to pay it back during EPOC

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13
Q

ACTIVE RECOVERY

A

using an active cool down maintains respiratory and heart rates, flushing the muscle and capillary beds with oxygenated blood flow
> this speeds up the removal of lactic acid and reduces the length of the slow lactacid component of EPOC

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14
Q

COOLING AIDS

A

can be used post event to lower the muscle and blood temperature to resting levels and reducing the metabolic rate and demand on the slow lactacid component of EPOC

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15
Q

INTENSITY OF TRAINING

A

the intensity of training should be monitored using heart rate to ensure training intensity is specific to the energy system and muscle fibre type

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16
Q

WORK:RELIEF

A

based on the predominant energy systems required in the physical activity:
> speed/explosive strength: 1:3+
> high intensity muscular endurance: 1:2

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17
Q

WORK:RELIEF

A

based on the predominant energy systems required in the physical activity:
> speed/explosive strength: 1:3+
> high intensity muscular endurance: 1:2
> aerobic: 1:1 or 1:0.5

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18
Q

STRATEGIES AND TACTICS

A

a coach should use timeouts and substitutions to allow for athletes to have 30 second rest intervals for 50% ATP and PC replenishment

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19
Q

NUTRITION

A

must ensure the correct pre, during and post nutrition
> maximise PC: load creatine and protein
> maximise glucose: carbohydrate loading
> tolerating lactic acid: bicarbonate for buffering

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20
Q

ALTITUDE DEFINITION

A

the height or elevation of an area above sea level

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21
Q

HUMIDITY DEFINITION

A

the amount of water vapour in the atmospheric air

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22
Q

BAROMETRIC PRESSURE DEFINITION

A

the pressure exerted by the earth’s atmosphere at any given point

23
Q

PARTIAL PRESSURE DEFINITION

A

the pressure exerted by an individual gas held in a mixture of gases

24
Q

DIFFUSION

A

the movement of a as across a membrane down a gradient from an area of high pressure (concentration) to an area of low pressure (concentration)

25
Q

ACCLIMATISATION

A

a process of gradual adaptation to a change in environment

26
Q

HOW LONG DOES THE BODY TAKE TO ACCLIMATISE

A

3 - 5 days of being exposed in the altitude conditions

27
Q

8 ADAPTATIONS TO THE BODY THROUGH ACCLIMATISATION

A 
> increased red blood cell count 
> increase in tidal volume 
> increase in the number of alveoli in the lungs
> increase in respiratory muscle strength
> increase in cardiac hypertrophy 
> increase in smooth muscle (elasticity)
> capillarisation 
> increase in natural release of EPO
28
Q

LHTL

A

Live
High
Train
Low

29
Q

IF LHTL IS NOT AVAILABLE WHAT SHOULD THEY DO

A

live in hypoxic tents

30
Q

HYPOXIC TENTS BENEFITS

A

replicate the altitude conditions

31
Q

WHY IS LHTL IMPORTANT OR BENEFICIAL

A

> live high in the altitude conditions so that the body has to adapt (8 adaptations)
train low so you still have the new adaptations but it is easier to work in the non altitude conditions
can work harder and for longer lower as the athlete has adapted to working in harder conditions in altitude

32
Q

EPO FULL NAME

A

erythropoietin

33
Q

ERYTHROPOIETIN

A

the natural release of the hormone which is responsible for the production of red blood cells
> increases red blood cell count

34
Q

THRESHOLD OF EXERCISING IN HEAT

A

above 37 degrees

35
Q

BODY TEMPERATURE

A

core body temperature

> 37 degrees

36
Q

THERMOREGULATION

A

the process of maintaining internal core temperature

37
Q

THERMORECEPTORS

A

sensory receptors which sense a change in temperature and relay information to the brain

38
Q

DEHYDRATION

A

loss of water in body tissues, largely caused by sweating

39
Q

HYPERTHERMIA

A

significantly raised core body temperature

40
Q

HYPOTHERMIA

A

significantly dropped core body temperature

41
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR DRIFT

A

upward drift in heart rate during sustained steady-state activity associated with an increase in body temperature

42
Q

THREE MOST COMMON CAUSES FOR HYPERTHERMIA

A

> high and prolonged exercise intensities
high air temperature
high relative humidity

43
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR DRIFT TEMPERATURE AND HEART RATE INCREASES

A

+ 1 degrees = 10 bpm

44
Q

DEHYDRATION MAKES BREATHING DIFFICULT AND LEADS TO

A

> increased mucus production
constriction of the airways
decreased volume of air for gaseous exchange

45
Q

INCREASED BREATHING FREQUENCY TO MAINTAIN OXYGEN

A

> increased oxygen cost of exercise

46
Q

HIGH LEVELS OF SUNLIGHT INCREASE POLLUTIONS IN THE AIR CAUSING

A

increased irritation of airways
> coughing
> wheezing
> asthma symptoms

47
Q

HEAT ACCLIMATISATION

ALTHOUGH THIS TECHNICALLY CANNOT HAPPEN

A

acclimatise to increased temperatures (7-14 days)

48
Q

PRE COMPETITION TO TOLERATE HEAT

A

> increasing plasma volume
increasing sweating
increasing efficiency of cardiac output
decreasing the loss of electrolytes
decreasing heart rate at a given pace and temperature

49
Q

PRE COMPETITION TO HELP HEAT

2 FACTORS

A 
hydration 
> drinking isotonic drinks 
> drinking more water 
> replenishing electrolytes
cooling aids 
> ice baths 
> ice vests
50
Q

DURING COMPETITION

4 FACTORS

A

> hydration
strategies and tactics
pacing
clothing

51
Q

POST COMPETITION

2 FACTORS

A 
hydration 
> drinking isotonic drinks 
> drinking more water 
> replenishing electrolytes 
cooling aids
> ice baths 
> ice vests
52
Q

HYDRATION

A

> drinking more water
replenishing electrolytes
drinking isotonic drinks

53
Q

PACING

A

> to alter goals

> reduce the feelings of exertion at low exercise intensities

54
Q

CLOTHING

A

> wearing suitable clothing
maximising heat loss
removing sweat from skin rapidly
lightweight compression wear

A LEVEL PHYSICAL EDUCATION [OCR] (15 decks)

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