Paper 2 - Urbanisation: London Flashcards
1
Q
urbanisation
A
an increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas
2
Q
urbanised
A
countries have over 50% of the population living in urban areas
3
Q
megacity
A
city with a population over 10mill
4
Q
natural change
A
difference between birth rate and death rate
5
Q
migration
A
movement of people from one place to another
-to work/live
6
Q
immigration
A
into a country from another country
7
Q
Domestic migration
A
from one area of a country to another
8
Q
economic migrant
A
moves to seek work
9
Q
refugee
A
flees for war or persecution
10
Q
urban sprawl
A
spread of urban areas into rural
11
Q
brownfield site
A
area of land previously used/built on
- must be decontaminated before built on
12
Q
greenfield site
A
has never been built on
13
Q
urban greening
A
process of increasing and preserving open space like parks
in urban areas
14
Q
Push factors to leave rural
A
- main work is poorly paid (farming/factory)
- fewer services
- lack of infrastructure
- less access to running water/electricity
15
Q
Pull factors into urban
A
-more nearby services
- more entertainment
- higher paid jobs
- previous movement of friends
16
Q
London’s social importance
A
- top unis
- attract international and national students
- research facilities
- home to UK’s media companies = more entertainment
17
Q
London’s cultural importance
A
- attract youth
- shoreditch night life
- tourism = landmarks
- reinvestment to maintain toursim
18
Q
London’s tourism figures
A
40 mil international tourists
12 mil national 2019
19
Q
London’s economic importance
A
- largest stock market
- jobs in finance/IT = 25% of GDP
- HQ for international businesses
- european HQ trade w/o tax = more trade
20
Q
London’s work force figure
A
85% in tertiary or quaternary
21
Q
growth
A
increase in population size and impacts
22
Q
character
A
refers to culture of an area
23
Q
Impacts of international migration: growth of london negatives
A
- pressure on services
- oversubscribed schools
- shortage of housing = higher prices
- rogue landlords - unsuitable living
24
Q
Impacts of international migration: growth of london positives
A
- bridge skills gap
- more employees
- high paid jobs = more tax
- net gain of London’s economy
25
positive impacts of international migration: character of london
-large cultural mix
- encourages tolernace in schools
- restaurants
- inclusive safer community
26
Impacts of international migration: growth of london negative
ethnic segregation
- racism
27
Bridge skill gap figures
- 28% of GPs qualified outside of UK
- 65% of eu migrants arrive with degrees
28
gentrification
when welathier ppl move into a low income area
-imporve housing as more tax is paid
-lower income inhabitants are displaced
29
Shoreditch before gentrification
-heavily bombed after WWII
- hub for secondary texties
- working industries + working class
- low cost housing
- young ppl moved in = high demand
- high rent
30
shoreditch after gentrification
young profs
= improves services
- attracts businesses
- more leisure activities
- refurbished buildings
31
Positive impacts for Domestic migration
- more tax = more services
- better infrastructure
- creates jobs = attracts businesses
- higher demand for housing = nicer flats
32
Negative impacts for Domestic migration
-displacement
- creates local tension
- fewer cheap goods sold
- rents are higher
- older gen lack qualifications to access tech sector
33
integrated transport system
- involves combining diff modes of transport
-maximise ease and efficiency and cost
34
Elizabeth line
new integrated east-west rail line
-
35
pros of Elizabeth line
-reduces journey times = 90mph
- increased capacity and frequent
- raise property values as close to station
- brings more ppl to london for work
-further regeneration
-improves access for disabled
36
pros of green spaces
- trees absorb PM and co2
- reduce risk off floods
- habitat for wildlife
- leisure
- grow their own food
37
Queen Elizabeth park - urban greening
-13 000 trees
- wildflowers boom and attract insects (food webs)
- rivers cleaned = tourism see fish
- flood management strategy
- leisure
38
Queen Elizabeth park - urban greening limitations
- traffic congestion
- may be built on
- pressure to develop industry there
39
Kensington + Chelsea and Newham: Housing
- K+C have higher value homes
- attracts higher income residents = more lavish
-Newham = terraced derelect flats
- rent is higher in K+C
-ownership is equal
40
Kensington + Chelsea and Newham: Housing - reasons for differences
-more tax paid to council so more investment
- overcrowding
- poor quality = illness
41
Kensington + Chelsea and Newham: Health
- life expectancy is much lower in newham
- due to obesity, lack of exercise
-longer working hrs and less pay in newham so fast food is eaten (364 compared to 100 shops)
-air quality is poor
-private healthcare
42
Kensington + Chelsea and Newham: Health impacts
- childhood obesity
- more open spaces = better air quality + more space for exercise
43
Kensington + Chelsea and Newham: Education
-more private schools
-better grades in K+C
-smaller class sizes
-better funding for trips and resources
44
Causes of housing crisis
-unaffordable
-high demand
45
pros of urban sprawl waltham abbey
- houses will be built on environmentally poor land - protects biodiversity
- higher quality of life = less noise pollution
-reduces age segregation
- more tax from young profs
46
cons of urban sprawl
- higher house prices
- ancient woodland cleared for new housing
- driving = more air pollution
- commuter = more congestion
-newer builds are less attractive
47
Derelict sites
- caused by deindustrialisation
- contaminated with heavy metals/chemicals
- plants can't grow = fewer consumers
-decline in biodiversity
48
Air pollution
-nitrogen dioxide from cars
- tall builds trap pollutants
- post brexit less pressure to reduce emissions
- smog + acid rain
- endangers aquatic life
-PM = premature deaths
49
waste disposal
-large amounts of domestic/industrial waste
- not recycled
- landfill site increase
- plastics release toxins = contamination yrs to recover
- rubbish is burnt
= co2
50
Why was Stratford in need of regeneration
- factories into brownfield sites
- highest unemloyment
- poor housing
- river lea = polluted
- fly tipping
51
Stratford regeneration project: housing
- 500 homes demolished
- athletes' village into housing
- 2800 homes created
- 8000 homes planned
- half are private half for affordable housing
- rents are higher due to gentrification
52
Stratford regeneration project: Services/leisure
- olympic park = playground
- stadium = football clubs
- UCL campus
- train station links
53
Stratford regeneration project: employment
- new local businesses
- 35 small ones
- retail jobs for low skilled workers
- East media centre = more higher paid jobs
- tech jobs
54
Stratford regeneration project: environment
- 10 hectares of open space
- nature trails
- toxic wasteland decontaminated
- £9 bn on decontaminating brownfield
- 250 species of insects
-60 species of bird
-13 000 trees
55
Stratford regeneration project: cons housing
- 500 homes demolished
- estate protested
- higher prices forces locals out
56
Stratford regeneration project: cons socially
- allotments = good community spirit
- destroyed
57
Stratford regeneration project: cons employment
- local businesses forced out
- 5000 jobs lost
- unemployment or low skilled workers
-
58
sustainable urban living
- minimal damage to environment
- secure employment
- strong community
59
Factors of a sustainable community - East village
- range of services
- mixture of homes to buy and rented
- communal spaces
- close transport links
- green roofs
-energy efficient homes
60
Santander cycle scheme - social
-lower levels of obesity
- reliable transport
- more ppl on st makes it safer
- daily exercise
- better mental health
-reduces sick leave
-improved access to services
61
Santander cycle scheme - economic
- boosts tourism
- for every £1 spent on cycling, £4 on local economy
62
Santander cycle scheme - environmental
- reduced co2
-reduces air pollution
63
Santander cycle scheme - limitation
safety on rd
-weather
-accidents
64
ULEZ
policy designed to reduce congestion and air pollution in London
65
ULEZ pros
- money raised is invested in transport
- some ppl are exempt (disabled)
- NO2 levels reduced
-cleaner vehicles used
- PM has decreased
66
ULEZ cons
- low income ppl own older cars which don't meet requirements
- impacts have been exaggerated
- smaller companies have less customer
- cameras have been vandalised
