Paper 2: Changing Economic World - UK economy Flashcards
quaternary industry
-provide information services
industrial economy
economy that is dominated by secondary industry
-exapnsion of tertiary
post industrial
-dominated by service sector
-jobs are highly skilled
deindustrialisation
decrease of traditional industries such as labour intensive farming
effects of unemployment
-lower qol
-negative multiplier effect
-less investment in services
globalisation
process of interaction/integration between ppl, companies and governments world wide
positive impacts on UK economy
-migration
-economic growth
-cheaper goods
-foreign investment
-high value production
negative impacts on UK economy
-less manufacturing
-outsourcing jobs
-inequality
IT in UK
- 1.5 mill jobs
-worth 59 bill a yr
-100 000 companies operate in uk a yr
-require degree
-high tan avreage pay
cyber security market
worth £2.8 bill a yr
finance
linked to flow/ transfer of money
-600 000 jobs in uk
employers of finance
barclays HSBC
finance workers
-highly skilles
business parks
-offices cluster together
-financial help from government
-employ ceos or research workers
-high paid workers - manager
service industry
-make 3/4 of uk economy
-second largest exporter of services (education/tourism)
-positive multiplier effect
UK’s biggest employer
NHS
-1.4 mill employees
science parks/ research
-labs close to unis
-89 science parks in UK
-research industries
-high skilled
cambridge science park workers figure
7500
brownfield site
had another purpose
-decline in secondary industry
-
Energy fossil fuel consumption
-manufacturing/ power generation
-burning of fossil fuels
-releases co2
-climate change
air pollution
-sulphur dioxide (waste product)= acid rain
-contaminates soil/water
-plants die
-erode stone on buildings
-causes human eye irritants
landfill
-toxins leak into sites
-contaminate eco systems
-methane is produced by rotting products
water supply depletion
-manufacturing = lots of water
-challenge in time of drought
tertiary industries use water for
green spaces
-bathrooms
water pollution
-toxins from factory seep into rivers
-eutrophication
eutrophication
-algae grows on surface
-blocks light
-reduces photosynthesis
-less o2
-aquatic life die = decompose = co2
Cambridge science park: trees
-more biodiversity
-habitats
-reduce co2/carbon footprint
Cambridge science park: solar panels
Cambridge science park: efficient heating
-less use of energy
Cambridge science park: designed to maximise light
-reduces need for electrical light
-less energy usage
Cambridge science park: public transport/ cycle routes
-less congestion/energy
-less fuel = less emissions
Cambridge science park: electrical car charging points
-reduces need for petrol
-less fossil fuels
Population growth in rural SE England
-counter urbanisation
-ppl move for cleaner air
-larger housing
-purchasing holiday homes
counter urbanisation
-ppl move from urban to rural cities
greenbelt
-open space around city
Positive socio economic impacts for counter urbanisation
-mainatins small population
-brings new businesses to rural areas
-maintains demand for shops
Negative socio economic impacts for counter urbanisation
-older ppl retire in rural = increases average age
-places pressure on healthcare
-newcomers are wealthy = higher house prices
-locals can only rent
-changes culture
Capel Dewi mid wales causes of population decline
-younger generation move away for work
-leaves elderly to farm
-shops close
Capel Dewi mid wales impacts of population decline
-shops decline = lack of customers
-services (buses) are less frequent
-post offices shut
3 ways transports links can help economy
-commute to work
-more jobs in transport
-more links for trade
Thames Estuary description
-port for container ships
-quick and efficient dock
-warehousing space
Thames Estuary pros
-increased speed global trade
-generated 12 000 direct jobs
-set up factories here
Thames Estuary cons
-regional inequality for north
-congestion = delyas of goods
-noise/air pollution
High speed rail 2
-railway line that connects london to birmingham, manchester, leeds
High speed rail 2 pros
-allow businesses to open along route in northern cities
-visit london easily
-reduces congestion = no delays
High speed rail 2 con
-3.5 times over budget
-only benefits some cities in north that have funding
-homes will be lost
-noise/visual pollution = reduce property values
Runway at Heathrow
-3rd runway
-tourism is 10% of GDP
-creates 3.8 mill jobs indirectly
Runway at Heathrow pros
-speeds up travel times
-attracts more tourists
-create 60 000 jobs
-generate £70 bn
-attract TNCs
Runway at Heathrow cons
-disruption to local residents
-homes need to be knocked down
-residents will need compensation
-noise pollution = reduces value of home
Smart motorways
-sends live alerts to drivers
-changes layout accordingly to traffic levels
-reduces congestion
Smart motorways pros
-cameras change speed limit = smoother traffic flow
-inform drivers of hazards up route
-open hard shoulder at busy times = less congestion
Smart motorways cons
-doesn’t reduce environmental impact
-costly
-increase speeding fines
-closing hard shoulder is dangerous = nowhere to go if breakdown = crashes
Economic inequality between north and south
-economic higher in west midlands
-more investment in services = london £1485 pp
east midlands £669 pp
Economic inequality between north and south - HQ
-271/500 are based in london
-more oppurtunities + tax
Economic inequality between north and south - house prices
-higher in south
-harder to buy
-more confidence in investing in south
Social inequality between north and south - students
-north attain less high than south
-north east england = 65.3% get grade D
-
Social inequality between north and south - education funding
-london = £5519
-east midlands £4721
Social inequality between north and south - life expectancy
-highest in south over 80
-lowest in scotland 77.1
Social inequality between north and south - neets
-north east has highest rates
-south east = lowest
NEETs
16-24 yrs olds who are not in education, employment or training
Evidence against north/south divide - inequality within cities
-london has highest salaries
-50% of wealth is owned by top 10%
-bottom 50% own 5%
Evidence against north/south divide - more funding in north
-investment in london is high but scotland and wales is even higher
Evidence against north/south divide - boroughs
-quality of life in london boroughs
-but tower hamlets 53% live in poverty
Evidence against north/south divide - rural/urban divide (jobs)
-rural economies are weak
-high paid jobs in major cities
Evidence against north/south divide - transport
-shops have closed in rural locations
-1 in 5 live more than 4km = higher transport costs
Evidence against north/south divide - london funding
-lots of funding in london
-not as much in SE
Levelling up: description
-reduces social inequality in north/south
-supports economic growth
-$4.8 bn budget
Levelling up: how it reduces inequality
-regions make proposals and make bids
Levelling up: Manchester
£400 mil to expand metroline
-better commute/access to jobs
-reduces unemployment and increases tax
-funds to promote leisure
Levelling up: limitations
-government has allocated £360 mill to SE = furthering divide
-provided less funding than promised
High speed rail: description
-railway linking major cities in north
High speed rail: reduces inequality by
-encourage businesses to open
-send goods to london
-less unemployment
-more tax
-better commute
-increase tourism in north
High speed rail: limitations
-benefits small number of cities in north = divide between northern cities
-taxpayers object as it is way over budget
-businesses may move london instead = workers leave north
