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GCSE Geography > Paper 1: Coasts > Flashcards

Paper 1: Coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

process of wave cut platforms

A

-sea attacks weakness in base of cliff
-between high and low tide level
- wave cut notch formed by erosion
- becomes larger + unstable = collapses due to gravity
-cliff retreats inland
- collapsed material erodes and transported = wave cut platform
-process repeats

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2
Q

mass movement

A

downslope movement of rock,soil
- due to gravity
-caused by heavy rainfall

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3
Q

Rock slides

A
  • steep cliffs collapse weakened by weathering
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4
Q

rock slides process

A
  • rain percolates= heavier
  • straight slip line forms in cliff
  • rock falls along slip plane
  • pile of rocks forms at base of cliff
  • then removed by erosion
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5
Q

straight slip plane

A

line of weakness

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6
Q

Rock falls

A
  • affect cliffs vulnerable to freeze thaw weathering
  • composed of well jointed rock
  • rocks fall away from cliff face
    -creates a scree slope at base
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7
Q

Rotational slumping

A
  • cliffs made from top layer of soil and boulder clay at bottom
  • top layer is permeable = percolation
  • if bottom layer is impermeable then rainwater builds up = wet/soft
  • base cannot support weight of cliff above
    -creates a curved slip plane
    -rock collapses in a rotational movement along slip plane
    -loose material collects at the bottom and is eroded
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8
Q

longshore drift

A
  • prevailing wind pushed waves to beach at an angle
  • wave breaks swash push material up at an angle
  • backwash pulls material at a right angle (due to gravity)
  • next wave breaks and pushes material further along beach
    -process repeats + transports material
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9
Q

Conditions that encourage deposition

A

-sheltered bay
-good supply of material
- waves enter wide = flat beaches
- slow winds

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10
Q

sheltered bay

A
  • wind is less strong
    -constructive waves
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11
Q

waves enter wide

A
  • swash spreads over a wide area
  • weakens wave so backwash is weak
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12
Q

slow winds

A
  • push waves slowly
  • ## creates stronger swash
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13
Q

small fetch causes

A

waves to be slow = contructive

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14
Q

spit

A
  • narrow strip of new land made of sand/shingle
    -jutting out into sea from coast
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15
Q

spit formation

A
  • longshore drift occurs
  • until mainland ends
  • sediment is deposited from decrease of wave energy
  • sediment builds up
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16
Q

spit - curved hook formation

A

-curved hook forms as secondary winds cause sediment to desposit at a diff angle than before
-salt marsh can form behind
- due to mixing of salt/fresh water/sediment

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17
Q

sand dunes conditions to form

A

A flat beach with large supply of sand
A large tidal range (a big difference between high and low tide)
An onshore wind
An initial obstacle

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18
Q

A flat beach with large supply of sand

A

This encourages deposition and provides sand for the dunes.

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19
Q

A large tidal range (a big difference between high and low tide)

A

This gives the sand a chance to dry out, making it light enough to be carried by wind.

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20
Q

An onshore wind

A

This allows sand to be blown further inland.

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21
Q

An initial obstacle

A

The sand builds up around this.

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22
Q

sand dunes

A

large heaps of sand that form high up on sandy beaches

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23
Q

sand dune formation

A
  • grains of sand blown inland and build up around obstacle
  • small ridge (embryo dune) on beach
    -builds up due to further deposition
    -forms a crest
    -dune starts to collapse under its own weight
  • lighter grains of sand fall down slipface
    -sand moves further inland
    -repeats = makes more embryo dunes
24
Q

as sand dunes move further inland

A
  • salt resistant plants grow
    -roots = large obstacle to create deeper dunes
25
Q

between each dune

A

-slack
- dip where sand ha collapsed down slip face
- is blown further inland
- sand is constantly removed
- reaches as far as groundwater stores
- salty pond forms

26
Q

mature dunes have the

A

greatest biodiversity
- decomposed leaf litter adds soil
- lower salinity further inland

27
Q

sand dune changes further inland - height

A
  • gets taller
28
Q

sand dune changes further inland - biodiversity

A
  • increases
    -lower slainity
    -shrubs
    -leaf litter = soil
29
Q

Sea Wall (sometimes recurved)

A
  • provides a barrier between the waves and the land.
    -placed at the back of the beach.
30
Q

Sea Wall (sometimes recurved) pros

A
  • make residents feel safe and protected so are good for residents.
    -leisure (cycling)
  • If well maintained can last for many years
31
Q

Sea Wall (sometimes recurved) cons

A
  • If waves overtop the sea wall, they can trap sea water = flooding
  • most expensive
    -Can prevent salt marsh and other coastal habitats from receiving salt water
32
Q

groynes

A

Wooden / rock structures
- Built at right angles along a section of beach.
- trap sediment transported by longshore drift.
= build up a large beach, waves break on the beach and it absorbs the waves energy.
- Waves don’t hit the land so it also protects other management like sea walls

33
Q

groynes pros

A

Traps a large beach which attracts tourists and supports the tourism industry (e.g. hotels, amusement parks)

34
Q

groynes cons

A
  • expensive:
    -beaches further downdrift will have rapid erosion.
  • Can be unattractive and can starve salt marshes from material increasing erosion
35
Q

rock armour

A

-tonnes of huge boulders of hard rock
- placed at the back of the beach.
- heavy enough not to be moved in storms.
-deflect the waves energy.
- As the water enters gaps between the boulders pressure is released reducing the waves energy.

36
Q

rock armour pros

A

Economic: Cheaper than sea walls
long lasting

Environmental: Local pebbles / stones blend in. Sometimes plants can colonise.

37
Q

rock armour cons

A

Economic: Can only be used on sandy beaches. can be damaged
- Regular maintenance needed.
Social: Easily damaged and so dangerous (can cause flesh wounds)
Environmental: If damaged they are dangerous and can cause harm to sea birds feet

38
Q

Beach nourishment

A
  • ADDING sand to the beach, to replace that which has been eroded away.

This builds up a large beach.
Waves break on the beach and it absorbs the waves energy.
so erosion is reduced.

39
Q

Beach nourishment pros

A

Social: A wider beach creates more space for leisure and gives greater protection from coastal flooding to people at the coast.
Economic: A wide beach is attractive to tourists. Tourism creates jobs and adds to the local economy.
Environmental: A nourished beach is natural and blends in with the natural environment.

40
Q

Beach nourishment cons

A

Social: cause resentment from people living close to the downdrift area where the sand is being removed.
Economic: Although cheaper than hard engineering, this is quite costly.

41
Q

Beach reprofiling

A

This is the artificial RESHAPING of the beach material that is ALREADY THERE. In winter, the beach is lowered as destructive waves erode the sand. This increases the risk of coastal floods. After winter storms, bulldozers move sand/shingle back up the beach

42
Q

Beach reprofiling pros

A

Social: Residential areas behind the beach are more protected.
Economic: A high beach can reduce the risk of coastal flooding reducing the cost of flood damage

43
Q

Beach reprofiling cons

A

Social: Bulldozers restrict access to the beach, especially in winter.
Economic: Major reprofiling can be expensive, though not as expensive as hard engineering.

44
Q

Sand dune regeneration

A

-creation of new sand dunes or the restoration of existing dunes.
Marram grass is planted
- roots hold the sand
- natural barrier between the sea and the land. - - They absorb the waves’ energy and so protect the land behind from erosion and flooding.

45
Q

Sand dune regeneration pros

A

Social: Sand dunes protect land behind them. Established dunes are popular places for picnics and walks.
Economic: Small planting projects often use volunteer labour and transplant local grass, so very cheap.
Environmental: Sand dunes are an important habitat for rare birds, reptiles and insects.

46
Q

Sand dune regeneration cons

A

Social: During regeneration, the dunes are fenced off to stop people from trampling over the new grass. People’s access is restricted.
Economic: Expensive systems need to be put into place to protect sand dunes e.g. wooden boardwalks to stop trampling.

47
Q

soft engineering strategies

A
  • beach nourishment
    -beach reprofiling
  • sand dune regenration
48
Q

hard engineering strategies

A

-sea wall
-groynes
-rock armour
- gabions

49
Q

Why is management considered necessary along the Holderness coast?

A
  • The B1242, is the main coastal road

-Continued coastal erosion could cause displacement of these communities.

50
Q

How has coastal management been used along the Holderness coast?

A

Hornsea = rock armour, groynes and a sea wall. = protected Hornsea’s tourism industry.

Mappleton. = granite rock groynes and rock armour

51
Q

Positive impacts of Mappleton

A
  • 50 properties far safer.
    House prices are no longer falling
  • residents can feel confident about their future in the village.
  • get a mortgage on a property in Mappleton
  • the village population is beginning to grow

=Protection of the main road (the B1242) means businesses can grow, = more jobs

52
Q

Negative impacts on Aldbrough

A
  • loss of beach (an important habitat)
  • more frequent landslides of the clay cliffs.
  • House prices are dropping rapidly = cannot sell their homes
  • elderly and lack the funds needed to relocate.
  • properties had to be abandoned due to erosion.
    Some businesses have been lost,
  • losing customers
53
Q

Managed retreat

A
  • physical processes are allowed to act upon the coast without any human interference.
    -allowed to flood, + erosional processes
    -low value land
    -flooded area absorbs energy = less flooding
54
Q

Impacts of coastal realignment +

A
  • creates new habitats
  • cheaper in long run
    -reduces flooding further along
55
Q

Impacts of coastal realignment -

A
  • leave homes
  • habitats flooded
  • short term expensive = compensation paid

GCSE Geography (24 decks)

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