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GCSE Geography > Paper 1: The Living World - Hot deserts and their fringes > Flashcards

Paper 1: The Living World - Hot deserts and their fringes Flashcards

1
Q

Causes for coastal deserts climate

A

-cold ocean current = precipitation over sea
-as it reaches the land = air is dry
-air warms up over land = evaporation
-no rain in desert

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2
Q

Causes for Hot and dry deserts

A

-at the equator = air carries lots of moisture = low pressure
-rains
-air spreads out north/south of equator
-dry air settles at 30 degrees = high pressure
-no water vapour = no rain

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3
Q

low pressure

A

-cold weather and rain

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4
Q

high pressure

A

-sun
-warmer weather

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5
Q

Causes for rain shadow deserts climate

A

-air passes over ocean + evaporates lots of water
-mountain forces water up = condenses to rain
-rainshadow region = air has passed over mountains
-no rain as water vapour is used up

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6
Q

Saguro cacti adaptations

A

-thick fleshy stem
-small spiny leaves
-thick waxy surface
-shallow/spread out roots
-deep roots

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7
Q

Saguro cacti adaptations - thick fleshy stem

A

-store large amounts of water after rainfall
-expands with water

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8
Q

Saguro cacti adaptations - small spiny leaves

A
  • reduce water loss through transpiration
    -deter predators
    -protect itself from competitors
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9
Q

Saguro cacti adaptations - thick waxy surface

A

-reduces transpiration through stem

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10
Q

Saguro cacti adaptations - shallow/spread out roots

A

-maximise water absorption after rain
-before it evaporates on hot ground

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11
Q

Saguro cacti adaptations - deep roots

A

-access to deep water stores
-groundwater stores

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12
Q

Lichen

A

-don’t need soil to grow
-grow on rocky surfaces
-use organic acids to break down rock and use its nutrients

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13
Q

Desert poppies

A

-seeds germinate after heavy rain
-grow very quickly
-lie dormant for year
-bright flowers attract insects = cross pollination

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14
Q

Biodiversity low in Sahara

A

-no range of plants and animals
-harsh survival conditions

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15
Q

Diurnal temperatures

A

-drop in temp during the day to at night

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16
Q

Where is the Sahel region

A

fringe of the Sahara desert

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17
Q

Difference in climate of Sahara and Sahel

A

-sahel= tropical, semi-arid not sunny but windy
-sahara = seasonal hot temp (33degrees)

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18
Q

Differnce of plants in Sahara and Sahel

A

-Sahel - acacia and baobab trees

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19
Q

Acacia tree adaptations

A

-survive droughts
-deep roots = groundwater stores
-fire resistant
-sharp thorns = deter animals

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20
Q

Baobab trees

A

-produces leaves in wet - season
-small leaves = less water loss

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21
Q

Soil profile of Sahel

A
  • top layer is fertile
    -below layers are infertile
    -bottom layers = nutrients released by weathered rock
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22
Q

Camel adaptations

A

-survive long time w/o drinking
-2 sets of eyelashes + slit-like nostrils protection from sand
-little sweat
-fat respire for water (humps of fat)
-thick layer for shade on top of body
-thin fur everywhere else = heat loss

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23
Q

Camel adaptations - large sa:v ratio

A

-keeps them cool
-more places for heat to escape from

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24
Q

Camel adaptations - flat feet

A

-prevent from sinking in sand

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25
Camel adaptations - concentrated urine
-lose little water from urination -kidneys concentrate it
26
Cheetah adaptation -
-pale yellow with brown markings -pale fur -hunts early morning -survive with very little water
27
Cheetah adaptation - pale yellow fur w/ brown markings
-camouflage -hide from prey
28
Cheetah adaptation - pale fur
-reflects sunlight -lower body temp during day
29
Cheetah adaptation - hunts early morning
-reduces competition
30
Cheetah adaptation - very little water
-gain fluids from prey -keeps them hydrated
31
Snake adaptations - pale yellow/brown
-camouflage to hide from prey
32
Snake adaptations -
pale yellow -hunt with speed -flexible diet
33
Snake adaptations - flexible diet
-food is scarce in desert
34
Snake adaptations - speed
hunt prey effectively
35
Challenges for locals in deserts
-harsh climate = no crops growing -low water supply of freshwater landscape = barren -sand dunes
36
Commercial farming in Sahara
-no tech to farm large crop yields -poor soil fertility -mostly sustenance farming
37
sustenance farming
grow to eat
38
Farming in algeria
-invested in oat crops -drought resistant -develop large scale farming
39
Mineral extraction in Sahara
-largest gold deposit -oil is drilled -TNCs build and create jobs
40
Tourism in Sahara
-attractive = unusual landscape -camel tours -declines due to global threat of terrorism
41
Energy in Sahara
-large oil/gas reserves -unable to access = lack of tech -exporting oil = development
42
Oppurtunity in hot desert biome
- gold deposits -TNCs are attracted -jobs from mines -tax = investment
43
Why does Niger not have a tourism industry
-lack of infrastructure -lack of wealth -unsafe = crime rates
44
Trans-Saharan highway
-allow for trade -building infrastructure -access to deserted areas
45
Impacts of remoteness on Niger Saharan
-unpaved rds = lack of travel -hard to access services = hospitals
46
Issues of water shortages in Niger
-crop failure = famine -lack of development of large scale farming
47
Pros for economic development in Sahara
-tourism -13 million visitors in Egypt a yr
48
Cons for economic development in Sahara
-farming = water stress -cannot feed locals and cannot export = no profit
49
Why is Niger an LIC - terrain
-desert -extremely rocky and sand dunes -industries cannot build -growing crops is difficult - barren land
50
Why is Niger an LIC - Landlocked
-no sea access -trade is difficult -must pay custom tax at ports -profit is not fully returned to producers
51
Why is Niger an LIC - colonial history
-under French rule -little development -cheap supply of primary materials -instability of government after
52
Population structure
demographic makeup of a place -gender -number of ppl -age
53
Reasons for high birth rate in LICs (5)
-agricultural work = big families -limited family planning = contraception -girls not in education so they start families earlier -poor healthcare so infant mortality is high = disease -cultural norm
54
desertifiaction
process by which fertile land becomes desert -due to human/climate activities
55
Causes of desertification - climate change
-long droughts dry out surface water -more evaporation of plants water -seasonal change leads to reduced rainfall = dry
56
Causes of desertification - agriculture
-overgrazing -over cultivation -herds of cattle compact land = harder for soil to infiltrate -destroying soil = ploughing/pesticides
57
overgrazing
livestock eat plants faster than regrowth
58
overcultivation
-farmers plant crops yr after yr on the same land -reduces nutrients and soil feritility
59
Causes of desertification - population pressure (4)
-collecting wood for fuel = deforestation + leaves top soil layer at risk of erosion -excessive water use in tourist areas = water stress -vegetation is cleared for building -increase in ppl = more crops needed
60
Causes of desertification in Sahel- case study knowledge (4)
-overgrazing = 65% of desertification -2010, 1.2 mill ppl were at risk of famine = drought -Niger 63% population increase -Lake Chad has shrunk by 90% since 1960s
61
Managing desertification -
-water management -tree planting -soil management -appropriate tech
62
Managing desertification - water management
-top soil is watered well -irrigation systems -increases soil moisture = growth -roots of plants reduce soil erosion
63
Managing desertification - water management limitations
-without soil management = water will runoff -no shade = evaporation
64
Managing desertification - soil management
-soil depth/moisture maintained -vegetation growth
65
Managing desertification - soil management method
-bunds are made on gentle slopes -water/soil builds up behind = infiltration = moisture -shade = retains moisture -prevents soil erosion
66
Managing desertification - tree planting
-'Great Green Wall' = plants trees across Sahel -roots provide stability for soil -shelter = less evaporation -increase leaf litter = nutrients
67
Managing desertification - tree planting limitations
-countries must all do it -dry land may cause inability for trees to survive -expensive
68
Managing desertification - appropriate technology
-efficient stoves given by charities -less trees cut down for fuel -could struggle to operate stoves

GCSE Geography (24 decks)

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