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GCSE Geography > Paper 2: NEEs and the Development Gap > Flashcards

Paper 2: NEEs and the Development Gap Flashcards

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1
Q

average years of schooling

A

average amount of formal schooling received within a country

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2
Q

HDI human development index

A

-A score between 0-1
-combines a range of indicators social/economic
-higher score = greater development

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3
Q

GDP

A

value of all finished goods/services produced within a country’s borders

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4
Q

development

A

promoting sustainable development to reduce poverty/inequality
-improve quality of life

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5
Q

Limitations of using GNI per capita to measure development

A

-income isn’t divided equally between = suggests average but isnt
population
-always measured in USD
-informal sectors

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6
Q

birth rate

A

number of children born per 1000 per yr

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7
Q

death rate

A

number of deaths per 1000 per yr

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8
Q

natural change

A

birth rate - death rate
-refers to population

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9
Q

as the country develops

A

-birth rates decrease
-death rates decrease

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10
Q

Uneven development: climate

A

-Saharan Africa limited crop growth
-lack of water to be used

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11
Q

Uneven development: natural hazards

A

-earthquake risks
effect businesses
-services are destroyed
-HICs recover easier

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12
Q

Uneven development: Landlocked

A

-difficulty trading
-more tax
-reduces profit
-conflict while moving goods

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13
Q

Uneven development: Colonialism

A

-colonised by europe for cheap labour/resources
-left behind low skilled work force
-exhuasted all natural reserves

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14
Q

Uneven development: conflict

A

-war
-detroys infrastructure
-child soldiers = no education
disease outbreak

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15
Q

Uneven development: trade

A

-low value exports = less profit
-corrupt leaders benefit personally

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16
Q

trade deficit

A

LICs pay more for imports than they get for exports

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17
Q

Uneven development: Over reliance on primary products

A

-LiCs produce low value products
-primary products value fluctuates due to global market

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18
Q

Consequences for uneven development: uneven distribution of wealth

A

-Lics cannot afford financial support
-corrupt government
-poor have no access to services/food

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19
Q

Consequences for uneven development: poor healthcare

A

-shortage of qualified staff
-poorly stocked
-unclean facilities
-rural = little access

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20
Q

Consequences for uneven development: sanitation

A

-unclean water = disease
-poor knowledge of disease = death

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21
Q

Consequences for uneven development: debt

A

-lics take loans from world bank
-high interest = struggle to repay them
-repay debt instead of investing in development

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22
Q

Consequences for uneven development: reliance on aid

A

-will not be able to cope without charities
-Hics face backlash for giving aid when they are in economic crisis themselves

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23
Q

Consequences for uneven development: migration

A

-search for a better life
-migrants are working age = leave no working force behind
-Hics who help them are faced with shortages
-poor living conditions
-send money back

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24
Q

migrants on HICs

A

fill skill shortages
-financial burden

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25
Q

Problem with exporting raw materials

A

-value fluctuates (instable market)
-generate less income
-agriculture = subject to weather

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26
Q

TNC

A

trans national corporation
-companies that expand into diff countries

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27
Q

purpose of TNCs

A

-cheap labour
-less strict environmental laws
-incentive from host country

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28
Q

TNCs can help host country

A

-create jobs
-regular pay
-invest in infrastructure

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29
Q

TNCs can worsen host country

A

-poor working conditions
-child labour
-accidents
-slums
-oil spills
-use groundwater stores

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30
Q

Industrial development: manufactured goods

A

-sold at higher price
-value is added to product
-tax

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31
Q

Industrial development: overproduction

A

-too much of same crop = cheaper
-price is low = producers suffer

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32
Q

Industrial development: import taxes

A

-EU protects its own farmers by placing tariffs on food imports
-Non eu countries find it hard to make profit

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33
Q

tariff

A

a customs duty or tax levied on imports of merchandise goods.

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34
Q

Industrial development: trade

A

-trade deficit for lics

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35
Q

Industrial development: TNCs

A

-provide jobs/infrasturcute

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36
Q

Aid: benefits

A

-support ppl
-trasport projects
-help with health/education
-makes trade connection

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37
Q

Aid: cons

A

-over reliance
-if withdrawn = decline in GNI

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38
Q

tied aid

A

-expectations
-UK must donate to keep relations
-LIC must export cheaply

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39
Q

aid

A

gift of money, goods or services to lics

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40
Q

non governmental aid

A

-private organisations
-no corruption from government

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41
Q

Tourism: pro

A

-indirect/ direct jobs
-positive multiplier effect
-increase in tertiary industry
-benefit of climate

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42
Q

Tourism con

A

-tncs own companies = money leaves country
-education jobs decrease as jobs here are more stable
-overeliance

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43
Q

ways to reduce development gap

A

-tourism
-aid
-industrial developemnt = more secondary jobs

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44
Q

Fairtrade

A

-farmers receive a fixed price for produce
-protection againts fluctuation
-wage increases as value does-trade surplus

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45
Q

fairtrade pros

A

investment in fertilisers, seeds, modern equipment

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46
Q

fairtrade certification system

A

-acheives fairer wages
-better working conditions
-

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47
Q

strict employment laws

A

-child labour banned
-higher profits = farmers can send children to sch
-better health/ safety conditions

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48
Q

Intermediate tech eg in tanzania

A

-hand pump
-better access to water

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49
Q

intermediate tech

A

sustainable so locals can keep using
-charities (water aid)

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50
Q

debt relief

A

-less pressure to exploit nature
-financial incentive to protect
-allows more development

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51
Q

conservation swaps

A
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52
Q

microfinance

A

-provided by small banks
-helps farmers with crop tech
-borrow small sums

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53
Q

microfinance eg

A

Grameen bank in bangladesh
-low interest rates
-small villages can develop over time

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54
Q

challenges from tourism

A

-leakage of profits
-damage to environment
-safety threats (terrorist attacks)

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55
Q

Regional importance of Nigeria

A

-fastest growing economy
-largest agricultural output

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56
Q

Nigeria: healthcare - sanitation

A

-urban is 81.6%
-41% better

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57
Q

Nigeria: healthcare - gni

A

-3% of gni is spent here

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58
Q

Nigeria: healthcare - life expectancy

A

-61 yrs

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59
Q

Nigeria: healthcare - disease

A

-waterborne diseases remain high
-better healthacre = slows ebola

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60
Q

Nigeria: healthcare - drs

A

-drs per 1000 = 0.38

61
Q

Nigeria: Weather/ Climate - lagos

A

-rainfall seasons - peak 300mm
-hot temps - 25.c
-uneven patterns

62
Q

Nigeria: Weather/ Climate - south

A

-closer to equator
-temps/rainfall higher
-tropical climate

63
Q

Nigeria: Weather/ Climate - north

A

-hot temps
-lower rainfall

64
Q

Nigeria: Landscape - mandra mountains

A
  • provide a natural border for nigeria/cameroon
65
Q

Nigeria: Landscape - soil

A

-fertile soil = crop growth

66
Q

Nigeria: Landscape - rainforest/savannah

A

-cleared for agriculture

67
Q

Nigeria: Landscape - location

A

5-12 north of equator

68
Q

Nigeria: climate -

A

tropical rainforest climate

69
Q

Nigeria: Education - rural

A

-girls attendance is low

70
Q

Nigeria: Education - number of ppl who attend sch

A

61%

71
Q

Nigeria: Education - literacy rate

A

71% for men
53% for women

72
Q

Nigeria: Education - average yrs of schooling

A

9 yrs

73
Q

Nigeria: Education - investment

A

-free for primary

74
Q

Nigeria: Education - books

A

-economic and culture barriers for resources

75
Q

Nigeria: Demographic - south

A

-igbo + yoruba
-christian
-richer

76
Q

Nigeria: Demographic - north

A

-muslim (havsa)
-political unrest

77
Q

Nigeria: Demographic - financial inequality

A

-south is richer
-capital city is in south
-lagos is the trading port

78
Q

Nigeria: Demographic - elderly

A

-growing

79
Q

Nigeria: Demographic - working age

A

large

80
Q

Nigeria: Demographic - fertility rates

A

-high
-won’t change until women start working

81
Q

Nigeria: Demographic - ethnic group

A

-250 diff ones
-all diff languages

82
Q

Nigeria: Demographic - average age

A

-18.1 yrs

83
Q

Nigeria: Demographic - population

A

-7th most in the world
-by 2100, 800 mill

84
Q

Nigeria: Urban economic profile - industries

A

-nollywood
-agriculture
-owns 4 largest mobile networks in africa = telecoms will grow

84
Q

Nigeria: Demographic - rapid population increase

A

-1950 to 2022 = 180 mill increase
-2.5 mill each yr

85
Q

Nigeria: Urban economic profile - lagos

A

-financial centre

86
Q

Nigeria: Urban economic profile - services

A

-shops are mainly in major cities

87
Q

Nigeria: Urban economic profile -tertiary

A

increase in service jobs

88
Q

Nigeria: Trading relationships - exports

A

-oil

89
Q

Nigeria: Trading relationships - with who?

A

-china
-india
-brazil

90
Q

Nigeria: Trading relationships - main trade partner

A

south africa
-second largest economy in africa

91
Q

Nigeria: Trading relationships - imports

A

-vehicles
-machinery

92
Q

Nigeria: Trading relationships - economy

A

-africa’s largest
-$4900 per cpaita = GDP

93
Q

Nigeria: Trading relationships - agriculture

A

-exports are rising
-due to better strategies

94
Q

Nigeria: Trading relationships - low value imports

A

-from LICs

95
Q

Nigeria: History - 1998

A

-democracy introduced
-still corruption

96
Q

Nigeria: History - north

A

-boko haram = oppose female education
-ppl flee

97
Q

Nigeria: History - boko haram

A

terrorist group
-17000 ppl killed

98
Q

Nigeria: History - formation

A

1800s

99
Q

Nigeria: History - independence

A

1960

100
Q

Nigeria: History - british empire

A

-unbalanced trade with them

101
Q

Nigeria: History - civil war

A

-lots of conflict
-military dictatorship after independence

102
Q

Nigeria: Rural/Urban population -

A

-rapid growth in urban
-due to migration
-child birth rate

103
Q

Nigeria: Rural/Urban population - number in cities

A

52.5%

104
Q

Nigeria: History -

A
105
Q

Nigeria: rural economic profile - north

A

-drier
-grows peanuts
-less valuable

106
Q

Nigeria: rural economic profile - agriculture

A

30% of workforce

107
Q

Nigeria: rural economic profile - south

A

-rainforest is cleared
- to grow cocoa and palm oil plants = cash crops

108
Q

Nigeria: rural economic profile - industry

A

primary

109
Q

Nigeria: rural economic profile - crude oil

A

-highest value export

110
Q

Nigeria: rural economic profile - oil

A

largest oil field in south

111
Q

Shell Nigeria - economic pros

A

-employs over 6000 jobs
-positive multiplier effect
-industries associated with oil = 250 000 jobs
-higher wages = higher tax
-billions in exports = investment

112
Q

Shell Nigeria - economic cons

A

-most of nigeria delta’s residents rely on subsistence farming/ fishing as livelihood

113
Q

Shell Nigeria - social cons

A

-government said no compensation to villages whose water supplies were contaminated

114
Q

Shell Nigeria - economic cons - jobs

A

-higher paid jobs are ppl from TNCs

115
Q

Dangote Cement company: Construction: development

A

-cheaper employees
-more profit
-cheaper supply of cement

116
Q

Dangote Cement company: nigerian citizens

A

-producing manufactured goods in country = less imports
- cheaper goods
-better availability

117
Q

Dangote Cement company: government

A

-Nigerian TNCs = larger influence over Africa
-more GNI

118
Q

trade deficit meaning

A

-value of exports are less than value of imports
-losing money

119
Q

trade surplus

A

value of exports is more than value of imports
-gaining moeny

120
Q

Nigeria + China = support trade

A

-china will provide better infrastructure
-HEP
-NIgeria give oil discounted

121
Q

tariff free =

A

more profit

122
Q

china will build

A

bullet train in nigeria
-to transport goods

123
Q

Slum growth

A

-rapid industrialisation
-low quality housing

124
Q

slum growth impact

A

-lack of access to services
-contaminated water = disease
-

125
Q

car ownership effect

A

heavy traffic

126
Q

socio economic divide eg

A

slums
and dangote living on banana island

127
Q

oil spills effect

A

-fish are poisoned
-kill mangrove trees = loss of food/shelter for animals

128
Q

oil spills

A

-common in delta
-chemicals mix into groundwater

129
Q

oil spills laws

A

-less strict
-more tncs
-financial penalties are less severe

130
Q

oil spill cleanup

A

expensive
-less money spent on safety precaution

131
Q

oil in silt

A

-destroy ecosystems

132
Q

oil spill figure

A

-since 1950, 13 million barrels of oil have been spilt

133
Q

Traffic

A

-more wealth = more cars
-heavy traffic

134
Q

traffic figure

A

5 million vehicles on rd everyday

135
Q

traffic - lagos

A

-residents spend 30 hrs a week in traffic
-less working hrs
-low quality of life for commuters

136
Q

traffic - type of car

A

-old
-produce lots of co2

137
Q

traffic exhaust fumes

A

-nitrogen oxides
-respiratory disease
-sulfur dioxide = acid rain

138
Q

water pollution

A

–chemicals dumped in soil/water
=dangerous levels of iron/nitrates in food/water
-crop failure = loss of income

139
Q

air pollution

A

-main cause of maternal mortality
-factories/cars increase

140
Q

Inequalities: school

A

-less rural children attend

141
Q

Inequalities: access to running water

A

-80% in urban
-30% in rural
-women/children walk miles = no sch

142
Q

Inequalities: wealth

A
  • 5 richest men = 29.9 bill
    -180 mill are poor
143
Q

Inequalities: wage

A

-46% are on 1.9 USD a day
-minimum wage laws aren’t followed

144
Q

Inequalities: tax

A

-political corruption
-unfair

145
Q

Inequalities: illiteracy

A
146
Q

Inequalities: investment

A

more in south
-near capital

147
Q

Inequalities: rural labour force

A

-79% are women
-5 times less likely to own land than men

GCSE Geography (24 decks)

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