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GCSE Geography > Paper 2: NEEs and the Development Gap > Flashcards

Paper 2: NEEs and the Development Gap Flashcards

1
Q

average years of schooling

A

average amount of formal schooling received within a country

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2
Q

HDI human development index

A

-A score between 0-1
-combines a range of indicators social/economic
-higher score = greater development

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3
Q

GDP

A

value of all finished goods/services produced within a country’s borders

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4
Q

development

A

promoting sustainable development to reduce poverty/inequality
-improve quality of life

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5
Q

Limitations of using GNI per capita to measure development

A

-income isn’t divided equally between = suggests average but isnt
population
-always measured in USD
-informal sectors

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6
Q

birth rate

A

number of children born per 1000 per yr

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7
Q

death rate

A

number of deaths per 1000 per yr

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8
Q

natural change

A

birth rate - death rate
-refers to population

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9
Q

as the country develops

A

-birth rates decrease
-death rates decrease

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10
Q

Uneven development: climate

A

-Saharan Africa limited crop growth
-lack of water to be used

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11
Q

Uneven development: natural hazards

A

-earthquake risks
effect businesses
-services are destroyed
-HICs recover easier

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12
Q

Uneven development: Landlocked

A

-difficulty trading
-more tax
-reduces profit
-conflict while moving goods

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13
Q

Uneven development: Colonialism

A

-colonised by europe for cheap labour/resources
-left behind low skilled work force
-exhuasted all natural reserves

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14
Q

Uneven development: conflict

A

-war
-detroys infrastructure
-child soldiers = no education
disease outbreak

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15
Q

Uneven development: trade

A

-low value exports = less profit
-corrupt leaders benefit personally

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16
Q

trade deficit

A

LICs pay more for imports than they get for exports

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17
Q

Uneven development: Over reliance on primary products

A

-LiCs produce low value products
-primary products value fluctuates due to global market

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18
Q

Consequences for uneven development: uneven distribution of wealth

A

-Lics cannot afford financial support
-corrupt government
-poor have no access to services/food

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19
Q

Consequences for uneven development: poor healthcare

A

-shortage of qualified staff
-poorly stocked
-unclean facilities
-rural = little access

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20
Q

Consequences for uneven development: sanitation

A

-unclean water = disease
-poor knowledge of disease = death

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21
Q

Consequences for uneven development: debt

A

-lics take loans from world bank
-high interest = struggle to repay them
-repay debt instead of investing in development

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22
Q

Consequences for uneven development: reliance on aid

A

-will not be able to cope without charities
-Hics face backlash for giving aid when they are in economic crisis themselves

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23
Q

Consequences for uneven development: migration

A

-search for a better life
-migrants are working age = leave no working force behind
-Hics who help them are faced with shortages
-poor living conditions
-send money back

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24
Q

migrants on HICs

A

fill skill shortages
-financial burden

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25
Problem with exporting raw materials
-value fluctuates (instable market) -generate less income -agriculture = subject to weather
26
TNC
trans national corporation -companies that expand into diff countries
27
purpose of TNCs
-cheap labour -less strict environmental laws -incentive from host country
28
TNCs can help host country
-create jobs -regular pay -invest in infrastructure
29
TNCs can worsen host country
-poor working conditions -child labour -accidents -slums -oil spills -use groundwater stores
30
Industrial development: manufactured goods
-sold at higher price -value is added to product -tax
31
Industrial development: overproduction
-too much of same crop = cheaper -price is low = producers suffer
32
Industrial development: import taxes
-EU protects its own farmers by placing tariffs on food imports -Non eu countries find it hard to make profit
33
tariff
a customs duty or tax levied on imports of merchandise goods.
34
Industrial development: trade
-trade deficit for lics
35
Industrial development: TNCs
-provide jobs/infrasturcute
36
Aid: benefits
-support ppl -trasport projects -help with health/education -makes trade connection
37
Aid: cons
-over reliance -if withdrawn = decline in GNI
38
tied aid
-expectations -UK must donate to keep relations -LIC must export cheaply
39
aid
gift of money, goods or services to lics
40
non governmental aid
-private organisations -no corruption from government
41
Tourism: pro
-indirect/ direct jobs -positive multiplier effect -increase in tertiary industry -benefit of climate
42
Tourism con
-tncs own companies = money leaves country -education jobs decrease as jobs here are more stable -overeliance
43
ways to reduce development gap
-tourism -aid -industrial developemnt = more secondary jobs
44
Fairtrade
-farmers receive a fixed price for produce -protection againts fluctuation -wage increases as value does-trade surplus
45
fairtrade pros
investment in fertilisers, seeds, modern equipment
46
fairtrade certification system
-acheives fairer wages -better working conditions -
47
strict employment laws
-child labour banned -higher profits = farmers can send children to sch -better health/ safety conditions
48
Intermediate tech eg in tanzania
-hand pump -better access to water
49
intermediate tech
sustainable so locals can keep using -charities (water aid)
50
debt relief
-less pressure to exploit nature -financial incentive to protect -allows more development
51
conservation swaps
-hics swap debt for conservation of land/forests -
52
microfinance
-provided by small banks -helps farmers with crop tech -borrow small sums
53
microfinance eg
Grameen bank in bangladesh -low interest rates -small villages can develop over time
54
challenges from tourism
-leakage of profits -damage to environment -safety threats (terrorist attacks)
55
Regional importance of Nigeria
-fastest growing economy -largest agricultural output
56
Nigeria: healthcare - sanitation
-urban is 81.6% -41% better
57
Nigeria: healthcare - gni
-3% of gni is spent here
58
Nigeria: healthcare - life expectancy
-61 yrs
59
Nigeria: healthcare - disease
-waterborne diseases remain high -better healthacre = slows ebola
60
Nigeria: healthcare - drs
-drs per 1000 = 0.38
61
Nigeria: Weather/ Climate - lagos
-rainfall seasons - peak 300mm -hot temps - 25.c -uneven patterns
62
Nigeria: Weather/ Climate - south
-closer to equator -temps/rainfall higher -tropical climate
63
Nigeria: Weather/ Climate - north
-hot temps -lower rainfall
64
Nigeria: Landscape - mandra mountains
- provide a natural border for nigeria/cameroon
65
Nigeria: Landscape - soil
-fertile soil = crop growth
66
Nigeria: Landscape - rainforest/savannah
-cleared for agriculture
67
Nigeria: Landscape - location
5-12 north of equator
68
Nigeria: climate -
tropical rainforest climate
69
Nigeria: Education - rural
-girls attendance is low
70
Nigeria: Education - number of ppl who attend sch
61%
71
Nigeria: Education - literacy rate
71% for men 53% for women
72
Nigeria: Education - average yrs of schooling
9 yrs
73
Nigeria: Education - investment
-free for primary
74
Nigeria: Education - books
-economic and culture barriers for resources
75
Nigeria: Demographic - south
-igbo + yoruba -christian -richer
76
Nigeria: Demographic - north
-muslim (havsa) -political unrest
77
Nigeria: Demographic - financial inequality
-south is richer -capital city is in south -lagos is the trading port
78
Nigeria: Demographic - elderly
-growing
79
Nigeria: Demographic - working age
large
80
Nigeria: Demographic - fertility rates
-high -won't change until women start working
81
Nigeria: Demographic - ethnic group
-250 diff ones -all diff languages
82
Nigeria: Demographic - average age
-18.1 yrs
83
Nigeria: Demographic - population
-7th most in the world -by 2100, 800 mill
84
Nigeria: Urban economic profile - industries
-nollywood -agriculture -owns 4 largest mobile networks in africa = telecoms will grow
84
Nigeria: Demographic - rapid population increase
-1950 to 2022 = 180 mill increase -2.5 mill each yr
85
Nigeria: Urban economic profile - lagos
-financial centre
86
Nigeria: Urban economic profile - services
-shops are mainly in major cities
87
Nigeria: Urban economic profile -tertiary
increase in service jobs
88
Nigeria: Trading relationships - exports
-oil
89
Nigeria: Trading relationships - with who?
-china -india -brazil
90
Nigeria: Trading relationships - main trade partner
south africa -second largest economy in africa
91
Nigeria: Trading relationships - imports
-vehicles -machinery
92
Nigeria: Trading relationships - economy
-africa's largest -$4900 per cpaita = GDP
93
Nigeria: Trading relationships - agriculture
-exports are rising -due to better strategies
94
Nigeria: Trading relationships - low value imports
-from LICs
95
Nigeria: History - 1998
-democracy introduced -still corruption
96
Nigeria: History - north
-boko haram = oppose female education -ppl flee
97
Nigeria: History - boko haram
terrorist group -17000 ppl killed
98
Nigeria: History - formation
1800s
99
Nigeria: History - independence
1960
100
Nigeria: History - british empire
-unbalanced trade with them
101
Nigeria: History - civil war
-lots of conflict -military dictatorship after independence
102
Nigeria: Rural/Urban population -
-rapid growth in urban -due to migration -child birth rate
103
Nigeria: Rural/Urban population - number in cities
52.5%
104
Nigeria: History -
105
Nigeria: rural economic profile - north
-drier -grows peanuts -less valuable
106
Nigeria: rural economic profile - agriculture
30% of workforce
107
Nigeria: rural economic profile - south
-rainforest is cleared - to grow cocoa and palm oil plants = cash crops
108
Nigeria: rural economic profile - industry
primary
109
Nigeria: rural economic profile - crude oil
-highest value export
110
Nigeria: rural economic profile - oil
largest oil field in south
111
Shell Nigeria - economic pros
-employs over 6000 jobs -positive multiplier effect -industries associated with oil = 250 000 jobs -higher wages = higher tax -billions in exports = investment
112
Shell Nigeria - economic cons
-most of nigeria delta's residents rely on subsistence farming/ fishing as livelihood
113
Shell Nigeria - social cons
-government said no compensation to villages whose water supplies were contaminated
114
Shell Nigeria - economic cons - jobs
-higher paid jobs are ppl from TNCs
115
Dangote Cement company: Construction: development
-cheaper employees -more profit -cheaper supply of cement
116
Dangote Cement company: nigerian citizens
-producing manufactured goods in country = less imports - cheaper goods -better availability
117
Dangote Cement company: government
-Nigerian TNCs = larger influence over Africa -more GNI
118
trade deficit meaning
-value of exports are less than value of imports -losing money
119
trade surplus
value of exports is more than value of imports -gaining moeny
120
Nigeria + China = support trade
-china will provide better infrastructure -HEP -NIgeria give oil discounted
121
tariff free =
more profit
122
china will build
bullet train in nigeria -to transport goods
123
Slum growth
-rapid industrialisation -low quality housing
124
slum growth impact
-lack of access to services -contaminated water = disease -
125
car ownership effect
heavy traffic
126
socio economic divide eg
slums and dangote living on banana island
127
oil spills effect
-fish are poisoned -kill mangrove trees = loss of food/shelter for animals
128
oil spills
-common in delta -chemicals mix into groundwater
129
oil spills laws
-less strict -more tncs -financial penalties are less severe
130
oil spill cleanup
expensive -less money spent on safety precaution
131
oil in silt
-destroy ecosystems
132
oil spill figure
-since 1950, 13 million barrels of oil have been spilt
133
Traffic
-more wealth = more cars -heavy traffic
134
traffic figure
5 million vehicles on rd everyday
135
traffic - lagos
-residents spend 30 hrs a week in traffic -less working hrs -low quality of life for commuters
136
traffic - type of car
-old -produce lots of co2
137
traffic exhaust fumes
-nitrogen oxides -respiratory disease -sulfur dioxide = acid rain
138
water pollution
--chemicals dumped in soil/water =dangerous levels of iron/nitrates in food/water -crop failure = loss of income
139
air pollution
-main cause of maternal mortality -factories/cars increase
140
Inequalities: school
-less rural children attend
141
Inequalities: access to running water
-80% in urban -30% in rural -women/children walk miles = no sch
142
Inequalities: wealth
- 5 richest men = 29.9 bill -180 mill are poor
143
Inequalities: wage
-46% are on 1.9 USD a day -minimum wage laws aren't followed
144
Inequalities: tax
-political corruption -unfair
145
Inequalities: illiteracy
-women = 62% -
146
Inequalities: investment
more in south -near capital
147
Inequalities: rural labour force
-79% are women -5 times less likely to own land than men

GCSE Geography (24 decks)

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