Paper 2 - Urban Issues and challenges Flashcards
regional importance of mumbai
- state capital
- 3 mil ppl commute from surrounding areas
- handles 60% of sea trade
- small businesses
national importance of mumbai
- transport hub = rail links
- stock markets
- 33% of India’s income tax
- working age migrants from other towns to mumbai
international importance of mumbai
- culture = bollywood
- large international airport
- asia HQ for many TNCs
- eg disney
India’s natural growth
birth rate = falling but high
death rate = falling
pop change = increasing
pop structure - pyramid base
Factors affecting birth rate
- access to family planning
- fewer chn to work on farms but maybe in cities
factors affecting death rate
- improved sanitation
- industrialisation
- better medical services
- less labour intensive work
- food security is high
Push factors to leave rural
-main work is poorly paid primary work
- fewer services
- lack of infrastructure
Pull factors to move to urban
- higher paid work
- better more available services
- previous movement by family
-more leisure - more access to running water/electricity
Bhandup industries pros for gov
- exporting electronic parts
-more gdp
-more tax
Bhandup industries pros for TNCs with HQ in Mumbai
- good for business
- transport links
- more sales so more profit
Bhandup industries pros for tertiary industry
- more ppl move here
- shopping centres have opened
- more jobs = more tax
- more disposable income
Bhandup industries pros for informal workers
- largest squatter settlement
- 70% of residents live in slums
- informal economies
Urban growth - impact on health number of hospitals pro
- 403 public hospitals
- 1000 private ones
- avg 200 in other cities
Urban growth - impact on Education
- Indian institute of mumbai = specialises in tech
- 1000 schs
- education is free but resources must be bought
- adult literacy is 82%
- national = 74%
Urban growth - impact on energy
- more income tax = better access
- 24/7 supply
- run by private companies so charge residents
- residents use gas lamps, heaters or illegal generators
Urban growth - impact on clean water
- more tax - improved
- prevents cholera
- self composing toilets = don’t connect to sewage system
- more water towers to treat water = more tap water
Dharavi: Housing quality
- migrants have no money
- forced to build with scrap material
- hot in summer
- easily destroyed during flood
- made from corrogated iron
-lack of electricity
Dharavi: waste disposal
- health problem made worse
- rubbish is piled high on landfill
- rodents bring disease
- toxins from waste contaminate soil
Dharavi: clean water
- lack of gov investment
- limited access
- no taps/toilets at home
- must queue
- 4000 ppl per tap
-spread of cholera
Dharavi: overcrowding
- lack of planning
- densely packed
- lack of vehicle access
- lack of privacy
- shared homes
- disease spread
Dharavi: transport links
- no investment
- shortage of roads
- isolated residents
- smuggle to find work
- services are in main city
-to build rds houses must be bulldozed
Dharavi: sanitation systems
- large queues
- women feel unsafe from lack of light
- toilets are washed away by water = contamination
- spread of disease
Dharavi: risk of destruction
- illegal status
- as mumbai expands = gov redevelops
- will be bulldozed
- widely critisized by human right groups
- no advance warning
- forced to rebuild elsewhere
Dharavi: healthcare and eduation
- no education available
- some create their own sch
- poor quality
- understaffed
- pressure on medical services
Dharavi: electricity
- gov doesn’t provide
- dangerous to use illegally
- limits number of businesses that operate
- no light evenings = high crime rate
water pollution causes
- human waste in rivers
- high rates of disease
- relaxed environmental laws = waste is dumped
= contamination - e waste leach chemicals = lead/mercury poisoning
Air pollution in dharavi
- traffic = more co2 and no2
- relaxed laws = air pollution from chemicals
-more cars = more pollution
-electricity in factories = fossil fuels - landfill sites release methane as it rots
Mumbai slum resettlement scheme
Slum residents are moved from dangerous sections of the slum (e.g. train tracks) to new high quality housing.
Mumbai slum resettlement scheme
pros
- Legal ownership = no risk of evacuation
- Water pipes= less waterborne disease.
- Children miss less school
- wealthier residents mean high tax revenues and investment in the area
- nearby businesses=paid low-skilled work.
Mumbai slum resettlement scheme
cons
tensions between poorer and wealthier residents.
- Not enough housing for all Dharavi residents.
Dharavi Slum Redevelopment Project
tears down existing settlements and replaces with new high quality
Dharavi Slum Redevelopment Project
pros
- 200 acres to rehome residents
- 100 acres for community gardens
- 300 acres for sale/commercial
- better infrastructure (sewage, water treatment)
- new transport links to main city
Dharavi Slum Redevelopment Project
cons
- concerns of rehousing all residents
- delayed for 28 yrs due to resistance
- micro enterprises must be supported
Incremental housing strategies
- famillies are given the right to their land
- granted funds for imporvement
Incremental housing strategies
pros
- widen pavements and st lighting by committee
- residents work with architect to replan their home
- repairs + improvements
- roof gardens = open space to enjoy
Incremental housing strategies
cons
- as mumbai grows
-more pressure to build more homes rather than improve current ones
