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Histology > Pancreas And Liver > Flashcards

Pancreas And Liver Flashcards

1
Q

What does it mean to be an exocrine organ?

A

Secrete onto free surfaces usually through a duct (always performed by epithelial cells)

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2
Q

What are the three cellular mechanisms for exocrine secretion?

A

1-Merocrine
2-holocrine
3-apocrine

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3
Q

Exocytosis of a vesicle and membrane transport of salts and water such as in sweat and salivary glands is which mechanism of secretion?

A

Merocrine

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4
Q

Entire cell ruptures such as in sebaceous glands is which secretion mechanism?

A

Holocrine

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5
Q

Pinching off of the apical cell portion is which secretion mechanism?

A

Apocrine

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6
Q

What two structural types of glands are there?

A

Simple and compound (branches)

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7
Q

What are the two main types of secretory portions called?

A
  • tubular (short long or coiled)

- acinar/alveolar (round or sacklike)

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8
Q

Colon crypts glands are what shape?

A

Simple tubular

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9
Q

Stomach glands are what shape?

A

Simple branches tubular

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10
Q

Sweat glands are what shape?

A

Simple coiled tubular

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11
Q

The urethral glands are what shape?

A

Simple acinar

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12
Q

Sebaceous glands are what shape?

A

Simple branched acinar

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13
Q

A proenzyme or inactive enzyme precursor is called what?

A

Zymogen (it is activated by removal of a peptide section)

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14
Q

Why is the zymogen form the one that is stored?

A

So that the pancreas isn’t damaged

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15
Q

What activates trypsinogen to be trypsin in the duodenal lumen?

A

Enterokinase

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16
Q

What makes the pancreas a mixed endocrine-exocrine organ?

A

Produces digestive enzymes as well as hormones

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17
Q

How much is secreted into the duodenum each day, stimulated by CCK and secretin?

A

1.5 L

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18
Q

What two major digestive proteins are secreted by the pancreas?

A

Trypsinogen and chymotrypsin

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19
Q

Cystic fibrosis can make the production of which enzymes difficult in the pancreas?

A

a-Amylase
Lipases
Elastase
Nucleases

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20
Q

What two things help keep enzymes inactive in the pancreas?

A

Low pH in acini

Trypsin inhibitor

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21
Q

What are he main exocrine cells of the pancreas?

A

Acinar cells
Centroacinar cells

They drain into intercalated ducts

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22
Q

What does the secretin stimulated HCO3 do in the ducts?

A

Hydrate, flush and alkanize secretions

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23
Q

What is another name for acinar cells?

A

Zymogenic cells

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24
Q

Simple cuboidal cells roughly the size of acini are characteristic of what type of duct?

A

Intralobulated ducts

25
Q

Simple columnar cells found in CT is typical of what type of duct?

A

Interlobulated ducts

26
Q

What does it mean to be an endocrine organ?

A

Secretes into the blood (performed by epithelial and nonepithelial)

27
Q

What are the masses of endocrine cells of the pancreas called?

A

Islets of langerhans

28
Q

What three things are characteristic of islet of langerhans cells?

A

1-polygonal shape
2-smaller
3-stains lighter than acinar cells

29
Q

What are the three major cells in the islets of langerhans?

A

Alpha, beta, delta

30
Q

What do alpha cells secrete?

A

Glucagon (make up 30%)

31
Q

What do beta cells secrete?

A

Insulin (make up 65%)

32
Q

What do delta cells secrete?

A

Somatostatin (make up about 4%) which inhibits alpha and beta cells

33
Q

Activated zymogens that start auto digesting the pancreas is called what?

A

Acute pancreastitis

34
Q

What type of cancer comprises 3% of cancers in the US, is more common in females, and has a poor prognosis?

A

Pancreatic carcinoma

35
Q

Disruption in insulin signaling and loss of or malfunction of B cells leads to what?

A

Diabetes mellitus

36
Q

What major blood proteins does he liver synthesize?

A 
Albumin
Transferrin
Fibrinogen
Prothrombin
Angiotensinogen
37
Q

Lipids and lipoproteins are synthesized where? Such as cholesterol, FA, LDL, VLDL

A

Liver

38
Q

What 4 things does the liver store?

A

1-Glucose as glycogen
2-lipids as fat droplets
3-far soluble vitamins
4-iron

39
Q

What are three other liver functions?

A

1-Modification rxns (redox, conjugation)
2-elimination (billirubin)
3-lipid digestion (exocrine function)

40
Q

What two flows of blood are there?

A

1-Nutrient rich, oxygen poor portal vein (75%)

2-oxygen rich hepatic artery (25%)

41
Q

The hepatic arterioles and the portal venule mix their blood in what space on their way to the central vein?

A

Sinusoid

42
Q

What is characteristic of zone 1?

A
  • Freshest blood
  • biggest mitochondria
  • most active glucoronidation
  • most active endocytosis
  • highest regeneration
43
Q

What is characteristic of zone 3?

A
  • Highest cytochrome p450 and redox rxn

- fat is deposited here

44
Q

How can you recognize a hepatocyte?

A
  • Large cuboidal shape
  • large nucleus (sometimes double)
  • lots of mitochondria
45
Q

Fenestrated epithelial cells are found lining what hepatic space?

A

Sinusoids

46
Q

What fills the space of disse/perisinusoidal space?

A

Plasma

47
Q

What are kupffer cells?

A

Liver macrophages in sinusoidal lining that phagocytose old erythrocytes to free up heme and iron

48
Q

What do hepatic stellate cells do?

A

Store fat and far soluble vitamins and are found in space of disse

49
Q

What happens when myo fibroblasts are present?

A
  • Region becomes capable of contraction and collagen synthesis
  • fibrosis
  • portal hypertension
50
Q

What empty into canals of hering?

A

Bile canaliculi

51
Q

What do hepatocytes secrete into?

A

Bile canaliculi

52
Q

What type of epithelial is found in the gall bladder?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

53
Q

What is bile?

A

Detergent that aids hydrolysis of fat allowing it to be absorbed

54
Q

What is enterohepatic recirculation?

A

Bile recycling

55
Q

What affect does CCK have on bile flow?

A

Stimulates it and induces contraction of smooth muscle to expel bile

56
Q

What affect does secretin have on bile ducts?

A

Causes secretion of bicarbonate into the bile

57
Q

Blockage of bile flow results in what?

A

Cholestasis

58
Q

Yellowing of skin and other tissues are signs of what?

A

Liver problems, specifically called jaundice

59
Q

What is gall bladder inflammation called?

A

Cholecystitis

Histology (13 decks)

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