Cardiac

Question 1

Where is the endocardium located?

Answer 1

Closest to the chambers of the heart

Question 2

Where is the epicardium located?

Answer 2

Closest to body (outside)

Question 3

Which cells secrete fluid from the epicardium?

Answer 3

Mesothelial cells

Question 4

What components are found in the endocardium?

Answer 4

Loose CT with smooth muscle

Purkinje fibers

Question 5

What components are found in the epicardium?

Answer 5

Coronary vessels
Nerves
Fat
Mesothelial cells

Question 6

What are the 4 key features of epithelium?

Answer 6

• Ectodermal origin
• Lines surfaces to protect, secrete, and absorb
• contains keratin
• can be multi layered

Question 7

What are the 4 key features of endothelium?

Answer 7

• mesodermal origin
• single layer
• contain vimentins
• important roles in filtration and high diffusion areas

Question 8

What are the 2 key features of mesothelium?

Answer 8

• Mesodermal origin

- single cell protective covering organs

Question 9

The heart has ____ regions and _____ layers

Answer 9

2(atrium and ventricle),3(end,myo,epi)

Question 10

What is notable about the myocardium of the ventricle in comparison to that of the atrium?

Answer 10

It is much thicker in the ventricle

Question 11

Which 2 conduction system components are modified cardiac muscle that can both conduct and contract?

Answer 11

Sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes.

*Bundle of his, purkinje fibers and both bundle branches are modified cardiac muscle that only conduct

Question 12

How can you identify purkinje fibers on a slide?

Answer 12

• Larger than normal contractile fibers
• lack intercalated discs
• stain lighter due to high glycogen

Question 13

What makes the heart an endocrine organ?

Answer 13

Release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) by atrial myocytes

Question 14

When is ANP released and what does it do?

Answer 14

In response to high blood pressure.

It acts to lower blood pressure

Question 15

What happens to cells in hypertrophy?

Answer 15

They get bigger

Question 16

What happens to cells in hyperplasia?

Answer 16

They increase in number

Question 17

What are the 3 layers of a general blood vessel?

Answer 17

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

Question 18

What is the notable difference in the 3 layers of a muscular artery vs. an associated vein?

Answer 18

The tunica media is much thicker in arteries (muscular)

Question 19

What separates the tunica media from the tunica intima?

Answer 19

Dense elastic membrane called internal elastic lamina

Question 20

What separates the adventitia from the media?

Answer 20

Dense elastic membrane called the external elastic lamina

Question 21

What do the elastic properties of the aorta and other large arteries allow them to do?

Answer 21

Smooth out pressure pulses cause by ventricle contraction

Question 22

What is characteristic of the tunica media in elastic arteries such as the aorta?

Answer 22

Elastic fibers

Question 23

What is characteristic of tunic media of muscular arteries?

Answer 23

Highly layered to allow smooth muscle contraction and regulate blood pressure

Question 24

What are arterioles?

Answer 24

1 or 2 layers of smooth muscle regulating blood flow to capillaries

Question 25

Where are precapillary sphincters found?

Answer 25

Metarterioles

Question 26

What does NO do to vessels?

Answer 26

Cause vasodilation

Question 27

What do endothelins do to vessels?

Answer 27

Cause vasoconstriction

Question 28

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

Answer 28

Continuous (tight junctions)
Fenestrated (little windows)
Sinusoids (larger openings)

Question 29

What cells help form the blood brain barrier by wrapping around capillaries?

Answer 29

Pericytes/periendothelial cells

Question 30

What do many lower extremity veins contain to prevent back flow?

Answer 30

Semilunar valves

Question 31

What are the three layers of the heart?

Answer 31

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium