Muscle And Nervous Flashcards
Which muscle types are striated?
Skeletal
Cardiac
*smooth is not striated
Characteristics of skeletal contraction
Strong, quick, discontinuous and voluntary
Characteristics of cardiac contraction
Strong, quick, continuous and involuntary
Characteristics of smooth muscle contraction
Weak slow and involuntary
What is mesenchyme
Undifferentiated migratory cells in gelatinous matrix capable of forming CT like bone, cartilage, lymphatics, vascular and muscle
What do satellite cells do?
Repair
3 types of connective tissue sheets in muscle
Epimysium-outermost, around muscle
Perimysium-around bundles of muscle fibers
Endomysium-around individual fibers
Order of muscle fibers
Myofibril->myofiber->fascicle->muscle
What are Z-lines (z-discs) made up of?
A-actinin
What controls contraction in skeletal and cardiac muscle
Troponin C by binding ca++
Skeletal muscle as ______, ________ nuclei
Multiple, peripheral
Where do satellite cells reside?
Under basal lamina
What is the distrophin linked disease?
Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Linkages between proteins are easily torn and not repaired fast enough
Myofibers in cardiac muscle is
Short branched and not parallel. May have multiple nuclei but it is central
How are intercalated discs in cardiac muscle connected?
Desmosomes, fascia adherens and gap junctions
Smooth muscle nuclei are
Single, central and cork-screw shaped
How is smooth muscle contraction different?
No z-lines- has dense bodies that contain a-actinin
Sliding based on thick filaments(calmodulin instead of troponin)
Divisions of nervous system
Central nervous system (CNS)
-brainstem, cerebrum, cerebellum
Peripheral nervous system
-motor& sensory axons, sensory ganglia and autonomic nervous system
Divisions of subdivided ANS
Sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric
Steps of synapses
1-action potential reaches terminal
2-calcium channel opens
3-Ca causes vesicle to release neurotransmitter
4-neurotransmitter crosses synapse
5-neurotransmitter binds neuroceptor
6-signal triggered in post synaptic neuron
Main types of glial cells
CNS- astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia
PNS- Schwann cells
Astrocytes function
Star shaped, transfer and take up molecules to capillaries, have GFAP
What are microglia?
Macrophages that reside in nervous tissue and observe environment
What do oligodendrocytes do?
Myelinate CNS axons
What do Schwann cells do?
Function like astrocytes, phagocytosis, and myelinate in the PNS
What connective tissues surround nerves at each level?
Endoneurium around each axon
Perineurium around each fascicle
Epineurium around entire nerve
What are ependymal cells
Csf secreting glial cells
What does the choroid plexus produce?
CSF
What junction forms the blood brain barrier?
Tight junctions
3 types of muscle
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Autonomic innervation of cardiac muscle
Parasympathetic slows heart (ach)
Sympathetic increases rate (norepinephrine)
Groups of neurons in the PNS
Ganglia
Groups of neurons in the CNS
Nuclei
Bundles of axons in the PNS
Nerves
Bundles of axons in the CNS
Tract
Layers of neurons in the CNS
Cortex
