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Blood/Hematopoesis Flashcards

1
Q

What does it mean to be a discontinuous tissue?

A

Cells are born in one place and function somewhere else

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2
Q

What are the three main components of blood?

A

1- plasma
2- Buffy coat (platelets and leukocytes)
3- erythrocytes

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3
Q

In a wright stain, what color is eosinophilic/acidophilic?

A

Red to orange

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4
Q

In a wright stain, what color is basophilic?

A

Dark purple or black

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5
Q

In a wright stain, what color is neutrophilic?

A

Pink tan or clear

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6
Q

In a wright stain, what color is polychromatopholic?

A

Blue or gray

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7
Q

What are the three main blood cell types?

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

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8
Q

What are the 5 subtypes of white blood cells?

3 are granulocytes

A 
1-Polymorphonuclear neutrophils/ PMN(granulocyte)
2-eosinophils (granulocyte)
3-basophils (granulocyte)
4-monocytes
5-lymphocytes
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9
Q

How long do normal red cells live?

A

100-120 days

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10
Q

What are three hallmark characteristics of RBCs?

A

Central pallor (clearish center area)
No nuclei
Biconcave disc shape

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11
Q

What are the 4 main proteins responsible for RBC structure and identity?

A

1-spectrin
2-ankyrin
3-band 3
4-glycophorin

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12
Q

What does spectrin do?

A

Binds to actin

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13
Q

What does ankyrin do?

A

Anchors to band 3 and spectrin

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14
Q

What does band 3 do?

A

It is a transmembrane anion transporter. Exchanges HCO3 and Cl out of the cell

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15
Q

What do glycophorins do?

A

Transmembrane protein with hydrophilic charged coat to prevent sticking to other cells (also the antigenic site for blood type)

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16
Q

Where is phosphatidylserine located in the cell bilayer?

A

On the inner bilayer if cell is healthy. Appears on the outside as a signal that cell is sick

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17
Q

What form is the majority of CO2 found as in the blood?

A

HCO3

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18
Q

Sickle cell anemia and thalassemia result from what?

A

Mutations in genes coding for Hb

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19
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis results from what?

A

Mutations in cytoskeletal genes (ankyrin and spectrin)

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20
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Increased RBC/ml. (Can produce thick blood. Often because of high altitude or bone marrow disorders like tumors)

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21
Q

How can you recognize polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs)?

A 
Multi lobular (often 2-5 lobes)
Granules
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22
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

Activated PMNs leaving capillaries or venules

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23
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Chemical gradient created by molecules released at the infected site

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24
Q

How do PMNs eliminate microbes?

A

Fusion with PMN granules containing peroxidases, reactive oxygen, lysozymes or defensins

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25
After leaving the bone marrow, how long do PMNs live?
Hours in the blood | A few days if they enter tissue
26
How can you recognize eosinophils?
They have a couple dark lobes and pink granules
27
What two things are eosinophils associated with?
Parasites and allergies
28
How can you recognize basophils?
They are somewhat amorphic. They look like a blob of dark granules. They function similarly to mast cells
29
How can you recognize monocytes?
Large indented nucleus (C-shaped sometimes)
30
Monocytes are precursors for what 4 types of cells?
Macrophages Osteoclasts Microglia Kupffer cells (in liver)
31
How can you recognize small lymphocytes?
Roughly the size of RBCs with spherical nuclei. They are the T and B cells
32
How can you recognize large lymphocytes?
They are about twice the size of RBC. Known as natural killer cells
33
What is the function of platelets?
Hemostasis and Aid in clotting. They have organelles but lack nucleus
34
Which cytokines is used clinically to increase levels of HSCs in bone marrow before transplant?
GM-CSF Resulting CFU-GMs give rise to neutrophils and monocytes
35
What does HSC stand for?
Hematopoietic stem cell
36
What does H-PSC stand for?
Hematopoietic pluripotential stem cell
37
What does CFU-S stand for?
Colony forming unit- spleen
38
What does GEMM stand for?
Myeloid progenitor that gives rise to granulocytes, erythrocytes, monocytes and megakaryocytes
39
What doe lymphoid stem cells give rise to?
B and T lymphocytes
40
What does BFU-E stand for?
Burst forming unit-erythrocyte
41
What does CFU-E stand for?
Colony forming unit-erythrocyte
42
What does CSF stand for in the blood?
Colony stimulating factor (cytokines)
43
What are cytokines?
Protein hormones involved in immune system and Hematopoesis
44
What is the order of the erythrocyte development series?
``` CFU-E proerythroblast basophilic erythroblast Polychromatophilic erythroblast Orthochromatophilic erythroblast Reticulocyte RBC ```
45
How long does it take for the proerythroblast to differentiate and be released into the blood?
7-10 days
46
What cytokine is key in erythrocyte development?
EPO: erythropoietin
47
How can you recognize proerythroblasts?
Lacy chromatin Nucleoli Basophilic cytoplasm
48
How can you recognize basophilic erythroblasts?
Condensed nucleus no visible nucleoli Most basophilic cytoplasm
49
How can you recognize polychromatophilic erythroblasts?
Reduced cell volume, regions of basophilia and eosinophilia
50
How can you recognize orthochromatophilic erythroblasts?
Condensed nuclear and cell volume No basophilia Eccentric nucleus (off to one side) Nucleus is ejected late stage
51
How can you recognize reticulocytes?
Ejected nucleus Uniformly acidophilic Quickly mature in circulation
52
What are the stages of granulocyte developmental series?
``` CFU-GM Myeloblast Promyelocyte Myelocyte (B,E,N) Meta-myelocyte Band form Mature form ```
53
How long does it take a myeloblast last to differentiate and release into the blood?
7-11 days
54
How can you recognize myeloblast?
Finely dispersed chromatin | Faint nucleoli
55
How can you recognize promyelocytes?
Basophilic cytoplasm | Granules
56
How can you recognize a myelocyte?
Increasing granules | Smaller nucleus
57
How can you recognize a metamyelocyte?
Increasing granules | Kidney bean or dented nucleus
58
How can you recognize the band form?
Very dented nucleus without being separate lobes
59
How can you recognize the mature form/neutrophil?
Multiple lobes
60
How can you recognize a megakaryocyte?
Amorphis with giant nucleus Processes give rise to platelets
61
During an infection you may see more of which granulocyte form in the blood?
Band form
62
B12 deficiency has what affect on RBC precursors?
Larger cells, larger nuclei
63
Active marrow is what color?
Red | Yellow is inactive and fatty

Histology (13 decks)

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