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Histology > GI System > Flashcards

GI System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between serosa and adventitia?

A

Serosa-mesothelium, associated with movement

Adventitia-relatively rigid and fixed

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2
Q

What are the three layers of mucosa in the digestive tract?

A

1-epithelium
2-lamina propria
3-muscularis mucosa (smooth muscle layer under lamina propria

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3
Q

What 3 things distinguish the submucosa?

A

1-dense irregular ct
2-large blood vessels
3-meissner sub mucosal enteric nerve plexus

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4
Q

What 3 things distinguish the muscular layer?

A

1-inner circular smooth muscle layer
2-outer longitudinal smooth muscle
3-auerbachs enteric plexus between the muscle layers

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5
Q

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

A

1-nasopharynx
2-oropharynx
3-laryngopharynx

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6
Q

What three layers make up the pharynx?

A

1-Mucosa
2-Muscularis externa (skeletal longitudinal and circular)
3-Adventitia

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7
Q

What is characteristic of the mucosa in the pharynx?

A
  • SSQE
  • lamina propria contains elastic fibers
  • lack both muscularis mucosa and submucosa
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8
Q

What is the ratio of voluntary vs involuntary muscle in the esophagus?

A

Upper 1/3 voluntary

Lower 2/3 involuntary (middle third is somewhat mixed though)

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9
Q

What is the movement caused my alternating contraction called?

A

Peristalsis

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10
Q

How can you tell if a tissue is esophagus and not vagina?

A

Glands are found in the submucosa

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11
Q

The stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium of the esophagus transitions to what kind of epithelium in the stomach?

A

Simple columnar

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12
Q

What happens if the esophageal sphincter doesn’t close properly?

A

Heartburn. Repeated occurrence leads to esophagitis

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13
Q

Chronic esophagitis is called?

A

Gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD) (10% of GERD results in Barrett esophagus)

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14
Q

What happens in Barrett esophagus?

A

Epithelium transitions to intestinal epithelium which is more unstable but more resistant to acid

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15
Q

What two main enzymes are secreted in the stomach?

A

Lipase

Pepsin

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16
Q

What three major mechanisms regulate digestive activities?

A
  • Local factors
  • Neural control mechanisms
  • Hormonal control mechanisms
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17
Q

What 2 landmarks are found in the stomach mucosa?

A

Gastric pits

Gastric glands

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18
Q

What is characteristic of Cardia mucosal region?

A
  • Pits are shorter than glands

- Glands are almost all mucous

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19
Q

What is characteristic of body and Fundus mucosal region?

A

Long glands with parietal and chief cells

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20
Q

What is characteristic of Pylorus mucosa

Region?

A
  • mostly mucous glands

- pits are relatively longer

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21
Q

What are the 5 important cells of stomach epithelium?

A 
1-surface mucous cell
2-mucous neck cell
3-parietal cell
4-chief cell
5-g cell (enteroendocrine)
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22
Q

What do enteroendocrine (DNES) cells secrete? 6 things

A 
Gastrin
Glucagon
Gherlin
Histamine
Somatostatin
Serotonin
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23
Q

What do parietal cells do?

A

Secrete 0.1 N HCl

Secrete gastric intrinsic factor

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24
Q

How does parietal cell acid secretion work?

A

HCO3 is transported out of cell in blood.

H+ and Cl- pumped out apically. These combine in lumen

25
Q

What are the three phases of gastric secretory control?

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

26
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen
Gastric lipase

They are found at the bottom of glands

27
Q

How can you tell between parietal and chief cells?

A

Parietal are eosinophilic and fried eggish

28
Q

What can form when the gastric mucosa

Is attacked and eroded?

A

Ulceration

29
Q

What are the four general layers of the gut?

A

1-mucosa
2-submucosa
3-muscularis externa
4-serosa/adventitia

30
Q

What does gastric intrinsic factor (GIF) help absorb?

A

B12

31
Q

Loss of parietal cells leads to what?

A

Pernicious anemia (because of lack of B12)

32
Q

What are he three gastric movements?

A

Propulsion
Grinding
Retropulsion

33
Q

What are the two main functions of small

Intestine?

A
  • complete the digestion process

- adsorption (90% of nutrients)

34
Q

What are he three structural modifications of intestinal tissue that increase adsorptive area?

A
  • plica circularis (3-fold)
  • villi (10-fold)
  • microvilli (20-fold)
35
Q

What are plica circulares?

A

Permanent circular or semilunar folds of mucosa and submucosa

36
Q

What are villi?

A

Dense covering of fingerlike projections

37
Q

What do villi contain internally?

A

Lamina propria with microvasculature and lymphatics

38
Q

What do villi contain externally?

A

Simple columnar epithelium with microvilli at the apical ends

39
Q

What happens to villi in a person with celiac disease when they have gluten proteins present?

A

-they shrink or disappear resulting in malabsorption

40
Q

What are enterocytes?

A

Absorptive columnar cells (microvilli at apical end)

41
Q

What are the four important cells in the intestinal epithelium?

A
  • enterocytes
  • goblet cells
  • paneth cells
  • enteroendocrine cells
42
Q

How are lipids absorbed into the blood from the digestive system through enterocytes?

A
  • bile emulsifies into micelles
  • gastric lipase breaks into glycerol,FA, monoglyceride
  • diffuses across membrane
  • resynthesize triglyceride in SER
  • Golgi packs chylomicrons that end up in the lymphatic capillaries
43
Q

How are disaccharides and dipeptides absorbed into the blood from the digestive system through enterocytes?

A
  • disaccharidases and amino peptidases secreted by enterocytes break things down
  • absorbed through active transport
  • released to capillaries
44
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

Produce mucins to form mucous which protect and lubricate lining

45
Q

What do paneth cells do?

A
  • first line of defense

- release lysozyme, phospholipase A, defensins

46
Q

What are intestinal crypts?

A

Paneth cell containing, short tubular glands with stem cells at the base

47
Q

What four endocrine hormones do enteroendocrine cells secrete?

A

1-secretin (stimulates bicarbonate and water secretion in pancreas and bile duct)
2-CCK (signals satiety to brain)
3-GIP (stimulates insulin)
4-peptide YY (long term satiety)

48
Q

What penetrates the core of each villus?

A

Loose CT

49
Q

What are the three components of the lamina propria in a villus?

A
  • arteries/veins
  • lymphatic capillary
  • smooth muscle
50
Q

In the duodenum, what role do brunners glands play?

A

They are large bundles of mucous secreting glands

51
Q

Where are plica circulares (valve of kerkring) best identified?

A

Jejunum

52
Q

Where are peyers patches (lymphatic patches) found?

A

Ileum (increasing as you approach the rectum)

53
Q

What do M cells do?

A

Endocytose antigens and present them to lymphocytes and dendritic cells to activate immune response

54
Q

What controls the muscularis externa?

A

Myenteric plexus (auerbachs)

55
Q

What controls the muscularis mucosa and DNES cells?

A

Submucosal plexus (meissners)

56
Q

What are the three functions of the large intestine?

A
  • absorb water and electrolytes
  • storage of feces
  • secrete bicarbonate and mucous
57
Q

Characteristics of colon mucosa?

A
  • lack villi
  • penetrated by tubular intestinal glands
  • goblet and absorptive cells (colonocytes)
58
Q

How can you distinguish the anal canal junction in a slide?

A

Epithelium transitions from glands to SSQE non keratinized. Also the location of some anal cancers

59
Q

What three disease arise from defects in intestinal tissue components?

A
  • inflammatory bowel disease
  • chrohns diseas
  • ulcerative colitis

Histology (13 decks)

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