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Pharmacy Stage 3 > pain mechanism 1 > Flashcards

pain mechanism 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is pain?

A

unpleasant phenomenon uniquely experienced by each individual

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2
Q

three systems that produce pain?

A
  1. sensory
  2. motivational
  3. cognitive
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3
Q

what does the sensory system do?

A

a discriminative system that processes info about strength, intensity, quality and spatial aspects of pain.

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4
Q

what does the motivational system do?

A

an affective system that determines the persons approach-avoidance behaviour

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5
Q

what does the cognitive system do?

A

it evaluates the individuals behaviour concerning their experience of pain.

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6
Q

what is somatogenic pain?

A

pain with a localised cause.

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7
Q

two types of somatogenic pain?

A
  1. nociceptive

2. neuropathic

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8
Q

what is psychogenic pain?

A

pain where there’s no physical cause - more to do with CNS process is disturbed

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9
Q

what is acute pain?

A

a protective mechanism that alerts the individual to a condition or experience that is immediately harmful to the body

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10
Q

what nervous system is associated with the perception of pain?

A

autonomic nervous system

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11
Q

what is chronic pain?

A

persistent or intermittent usually defined as lasting at least 3-6 months. (continues when it should not)

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12
Q

what decreases pain tolerance?

A
  • with repeated exposure to pain,
  • by fatigue, anger, boredom, apprehension
  • sleep deprivation.
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13
Q

what increases pain tolerance?

A
  • by alcohol consumption,
  • medication, hypnosis,
  • warmth, distracting activities
  • strong beliefs or faith.
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14
Q

what effect does age have on pain threshold?

A

threshold increases with age

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15
Q

what is the gate theory of pain?

A

signals received and sent to the spinal cord (the gate), which decides whether to amplify the pain or attenuate it.

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16
Q

what type of afferent nociceptors do bone and visceral tissues have?

A

peptidergic C afferents

17
Q

where are nociceptors localised to?

A

muscle skin and viscera

18
Q

which are more and least myelinated out of A-beta, A-delta and C fibres?

A 
A-beta= msot myelinated (thick myelin sheath) 
C= least myelinates (no myelin sheath) 
A-delata= thin myelin sheath
19
Q

what are A-delta fibres useful for

A

crucial for fast signalling of injury

20
Q

what fibres are 1st and 2nd pain detected by

A

1st pain is mainly detected by A-beta and delta whilst 2nd pain is detected by C fibres

21
Q

what are TRP (VR) classes of nocieptors for

A

thermal sensitivitiy

22
Q

what are TREK classes of nociceptors for

A

co-expressed with TRP and K+ channels for heat sensitivity. acitivity is reduced by heat

23
Q

what are ASICS and DRASICS classes of nociceptors for

A

detect H+ and are cation selective

DRASICS also detect mechanical stimuli

24
Q

what are MDEG classes of nociceptors for

A

SENSITIVE TO SODIUM CHANNELS

25
Q

where are nociceptive inputs received in the spinal cord

A

at the superficial laminae i and II

26
Q

where are mechanoreceptor afferents received in the spinal cord

A

at the superficial lamiae III to VI (3-6)

27
Q

3 major types of superficial dorsal horn neurons

A

projection neurons
excitatory interneurons
inhibitory interneurons

28
Q

what is the effect of acute pain on DH neurones

A

fast and slow depolarisation of DH neurones

29
Q

what causes chronic pain

A

prolonged input from A-delta and C afferents activate NMDA

this triggers sensitation hyperglesia and allodynia

30
Q

what does the nesopinothalamic tract do

A

carries information to the mid brain, thalamus and pons, limbic system, and mid brain ( more synapses to different strucures of brain)

31
Q

what is the thalamus sensitive cortex used for in pain

A

percieves
describes
localises pain

32
Q

what do the thalamus brainstem and reticular fomration do

A

identify dull longer-lasting, and diffuse pain

33
Q

what do the reticular formation and limbic system do

A

control the emotional and affective response to pain

34
Q

what does the efferent analgesic system do

A

inhbits afferent pain signals

35
Q

how does the efferent analgesic system work

A
  1. pain afferent stimulates the neurons in periaquedectal gray
  2. then impulses are transmitted through the spinal cord to the dorsal horn
  3. here they inhibit or block transmission of nociceptive signals at the level of dorsal horn

Pharmacy Stage 3 (51 decks)

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