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Pharmacy Stage 3 > Female Sex Hormones > Flashcards

Female Sex Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

what causes the gonadal cortex to become an ovary?

A

the absence of SRY protein and under the influence of female-specific genes

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2
Q

what effect does a lack of testosterone have on the Wolffian duct?

A

it causes it to degenerate

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3
Q

what effect does an absence of anti-mullerian hormone have on the mullerian duct?

A

allows the mullerian duct to become the Fallopian tube, uterus and upper parts of the vagina

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4
Q

explain the process of gametogenesis?

A
  1. germ cells duplicate through mitosis

2. then they form gametes with half the chromosome by meiosis

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5
Q

what does the ovary do?

A

produces sex hormones and germ cells

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6
Q

what hormones are used to control reproduction?

A

GnRH, FSH and LH

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7
Q

what does Theca do?

A

synthesises androgens under the influence of LH

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8
Q

what does Granulosa cells do?

A

release AMH and aromatase under the influence of FSH

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9
Q

when does estrone (E1) ovarian steroid hormone increase in levels?

A

post-menopause

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10
Q

when does estriol ovarian steroid hormone (E3) increase in levels?

A

during pregnancy

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11
Q

where are estrogens C18 more commonly release from?

A

Granulosa cells

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12
Q

where are Progestagens C21 more commonly released from?

A

Corpus Luteum

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13
Q

where are androgens C19 more commonly released from?

A

Theca

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14
Q

how does the oestrogen receptor (ER) work?

A
  • it is a dimeric nuclear protein which binds to DNA and controls gene expression
  • The estrogen:ER complex binds to specific DNA sequences called a hormone response element to activate the transcription of target genes.
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15
Q

what are the roles of estrogen?

A
  1. develop and regulate the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics
  2. provide hormonal timing for ovulation
  3. matures germ cells
  4. develops tissues needed for blastocyst implantation
  5. establishes the milieu required for pregnancy maintenance
  6. provides hormones needed for parturition and lactation
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16
Q

effect of estrogen on the heart?

A

protects from cholesterol

17
Q

effect of estrogen on the liver?

A

reduces

18
Q

effect of estrogen on the uterus?

A

helps in menstruation cycle and pregnancy

19
Q

effect of estrogen on the vagina?

A

makes it moist to protect from infection

20
Q

effect of estrogen on the brain?

A

helps adjust body temp, increases memory and adjusts libido

21
Q

effect of estrogen on the breast?

A

grows and shapes breast and prepares it for feeding.

22
Q

effect of estrogen on the skin?

A

makes it young

23
Q

effect of estrogen on the bone?

A

strengthens bone and increases its density

24
Q

what is secreted after fertilisation by the chorionic portion (aka the placenta)?

A

secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

25
Q

what does the hCG do?

A
  • prevents corpus luteum from degenerating hence it can continue to release progesterone and estrogen
  • this maintains the uterine wall (progesterone) integrity and inhibits subsequent ovulation (due to lack of FSH and LH)
  • hCG also stimulates testosterone production for testes development
26
Q

how do birth control pills work to inhibit ovulation?

A

they mimic high progesterone and estrogen levels to trick the body into thinking its pregnant hence no ovulation (no egg released)

27
Q

both male and females have mammary glands. in which is it actually functional?

A

females in response to prolactin

28
Q

what is the purpose of the mammary gland?

A

to produce and eject milk

29
Q

what cells secrete milk?

A

alveoli

30
Q

where are alveoli cells clustered in?

A

lobules

31
Q

what hormone is needed for ductal growth?

A

estrogen (more specifically E2)

32
Q

what hormone helps with alveolar proliferation?

A

progesterone

33
Q

what hormone inhibits milk production and secretion in late pregnancy?

A

progesterone

34
Q

what 2 chemicals stimulate lactation?

A

prolactin and oxytocin

35
Q

what, a. stimulates and b. inhibits, oxytocin and it’s receptors?

A

a. stimulated by estrogen

b. inhibited by progesterone

36
Q

what happens before the cessation of menstruation?

A

there is a period of perimenopause which is when the individual has irregular periods

37
Q

how do infertility drugs work?

A

Stimulates secretion of FSH and LH, which stimulates maturation of follicles, ovulation and development of the corpus luteum.

38
Q

what does oxytocin do?

A

enhances contractile activity of the uterine smooth muscle.

39
Q

what does the Selective β2 adrenergic receptor antagonist do?

A

prevents smooth muscle contractions.

Pharmacy Stage 3 (51 decks)

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