CNS structure and functions

Question 1

what percentage of the body’s oxygen des the brain use

Answer 1

25%

Question 2

what percentage of the body’s glucose does the brain use

Answer 2

50%

Question 3

what is the CSF

Answer 3

a shock absorbing medium used to exchange nutrients and waste

Question 4

where is the CSF formed

Answer 4

in the choroid plexus

Question 5

which cells in the choroid plexus secrete CSF

Answer 5

non-cilated ependymal cells

Question 6

what is hydrocephalus

Answer 6

a build up of CSF in the brain causing pressure

Question 7

what is communicating hydrocephalus

Answer 7

failure to absorb CSF

Question 8

what is non-communicating hydrocephalus

Answer 8

failure to circulate CSF to subarachnoid space

Question 9

what do astrocyte foot processes do

Answer 9

secrete paracrines that promote tight junction formation

Question 10

4 lobes of the telencephalon cerebral cortex

Answer 10

frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occiptal lobe
temporal lobe

Question 11

whats the frontal lobe used for

Answer 11

reasoning 
planning 
speech movement 
emotions 
problem-solving ( found in the front of central sulcus)

Question 12

what is the parietal lobe used for

Answer 12

touch 
pressure 
temperature 
pain 
( found behind central sulcus)

Question 13

what is the occipital lobe used for

Answer 13

vision (found behind temporal and parietal lobes)

Question 14

what is the temporal lobe used for

Answer 14

perceiving and recognising auditory stimuli (sound) and memory (found between the lateral fissure)

Question 15

the three specialisations of telencephalon

Answer 15

1. senosry areas- for sensory input
2. motor areas- for skeletal muscle moveent
   3 association areas- for voluntary moveemnt and info b/w sensory and motor

Question 16

what is the blood brain barrier formed by

Answer 16

capillary endothelial cells joined by tight junctions

Question 17

what does the BBB prevent entry of

Answer 17

neurotoxins and drugs into the brain by active transport mediated by p-glycoproteins

Question 18

what do endothelial cells allow diffusion of

Answer 18

small hydrophobic molecules e.g. CO2, O2, hormones

Question 19

where is the primary somatosensory cortex located

Answer 19

in post central gyrus

Question 20

what is the somatosensory hormunuculus

Answer 20

caricature of corticol tissue devoted to each senosry function

Question 21

where is the primary motor cortex located

Answer 21

in precentral gyrus

Question 22

what does the primary motor cortex do

Answer 22

controls voluntary movement

Question 23

what is the motor homunculus

Answer 23

caricature of corticol tissue devoted to each motor function

Question 24

what is the limbic system used for

Answer 24

motivation learning memory

Question 25

what are the parts of the limbic system

Answer 25

cingulated gyrus
hippocampus
amygdala

Question 26

what does the cingulated gyrus do

Answer 26

coordinates sensory inputs with emotions, emotional responses to pain

Question 27

what does the hippocampus do

Answer 27

sends memories out to right part of cerbral hemisphere for long-term storage and retrieve them when necessary

Question 28

what does amygdala do

Answer 28

involved in emotional responses and linking emotions with memory

Question 29

what does basal nuclei do

Answer 29

controls fine movements, reward and motivation
helps with posture
controls behaviour habits

Question 30

what does the diencephalon- thalamus do

Answer 30

co-ordinates the activities of the cerabral cortex and basal nuclei

Question 31

what does the diencephalon-hypothalamus do

Answer 31

receives signals ans sends them to sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
sends neural and hormonal outputs to pituitary

Question 32

what does the midbrain control

Answer 32

visual system
auditory system
eye movement

Question 33

what do red nucleus and susbtantia nigra do

Answer 33

control body movement

Question 34

what does the degeneration of neurons in the substantial nigra cause

Answer 34

parkinsons disease

Question 35

what 2 things is the midbrain comprised of

Answer 35

tectum

tegmentum

Question 36

what does the tectum do

Answer 36

responsible for the auditory/ visual reflexes

Question 37

2 parts of the tectum

Answer 37

1. superior colliculi- top part controlling visual reflex

2. inferior colliculi- bottom part controlling auditor reflex

Question 38

what are the 5 parts of the tegmentum

Answer 38

1. periaqueductal gray
2. substantia nigra and amp; red nucleus
3. ventral tegmental area
4. raphe nuclei
5. locus coeruleus

Question 39

what does the periaqueductal gray do

Answer 39

deals with pain and fear

Question 40

what does the ventral tegmental area do

Answer 40

deals with reward and addiction

Question 41

what does the raphe nuclei do

Answer 41

deals with mood and depression

Question 42

what does the locus coeruleus do

Answer 42

deals with anxiety

Question 43

what are the three types of hindbrain cerebellum

Answer 43

1. vestibulocerebellum
2. spinocerebellum
3. cerebrocerebellum

Question 44

what is the vestibulocerebellum used for

Answer 44

balance and eye movement

Question 45

what is the spinocerebellum used for

Answer 45

muscle tone and controls voluntary movement

Question 46

what is the cerebrocerebullum used for

Answer 46

planning and initiating voluntary activity

Question 47

what is the hindbrain pons and medulla used for

Answer 47

relaying information between the brain and spinal cord

Question 48

what is the pons used for

Answer 48

acts as a motor/sensory relay centre
supports respiration
maintains our sleep-wake cycle

Question 49

what is the medulla used for

Answer 49

useful in cardiac and respirator rhythm

reticular formation begins in the medulla oblongata

Question 50

what does the hindbrain reticular activating system do

Answer 50

controls the degree of corticol alertness/ level of consciiousness