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Pharmacy Stage 3 > occular disease pathophysiology > Flashcards

occular disease pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

what five conditions cause 80% of vision loss?

A
  1. Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
  2. Cataract
  3. Diabetic retinopathy
  4. Glaucoma
  5. Under-corrected and uncorrected refractive error
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2
Q

People with vision impairment are at a greater risk of suffering from secondary conditions such as what?

A

– falls
– depression
– early special accommodation – increased risk of hip fracture – increased early mortality
– social isolation

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3
Q

where are tears stored before you cry?

A

in the lacrimal gland

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4
Q

what do tears travel via to move from the lacrimal glands to the eye

A

lacrimal gland duct

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5
Q

what do tears through when you to cause you to produce mucus when you cry?

A

lacrimal duct

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6
Q

what part of the eye determines your eye colour?

A

iris

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7
Q

what are the muscles that contract and relax to change the size of the pupil?

A

ciliary muscles

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8
Q

what attaches the ciliary muscles to the lens?

A

suspensory ligaments

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9
Q

what fills up the void in the eye between the lens and the retina?

A

vitreous humour (liquid)

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10
Q

what is the role of the vitreous humour?

A

to keep the eye ball shape

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11
Q

what is the white covering around the eye called?

A

the sclera

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12
Q

what is embedded between the sclera and the retina?

A

the choroid

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13
Q

what is the function of the choroid?

A

It is full of blood vessels to supply the eye with nutrients

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14
Q

what is the blind spot in the eye called?

A

the optic disc

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15
Q

where is the fovea located?

A

in the centre of the macula lutea on the retina

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16
Q

what does the fovea do?

A

it is responsible for sharp central vision (where we need to pay close detail to things)

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17
Q

what is located on the retina to create an image of what we see?

A

rod and cones

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18
Q

what are rods sensitive to?

A

light

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19
Q

what are cones sensitive to?

A

colours

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20
Q

where on the retina do we find more cones?

A

nearer the macula

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21
Q

which do we have more of, rods or cones?

A

rods (120million)

cones = 6million

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22
Q

What is age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?

A

A chronic degenerative condition that affects the central vision (the macula-fovea part) due to poor blood supply to the area. (disappearance of central vision due to deterioration of pigment layer of retina)

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23
Q

What are functional implications of AMD?

A
  1. Difficulty distinguishing people’s faces
  2. Difficulty with close work
  3. Perceiving straight lines as distorted or curved
  4. Unable to differentiate between the footpath and road
  5. Difficulty identifying the edge of steps if there is no colour contrast
  6. Unable to determine traffic light changes
  7. Difficulty reading, with blurred words and letters running together
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24
Q

What is a cataract?

A
  • the clouding of the lens inside the eye.
  • light is scattered as it enters the eye, causing blurred vision
  • gradual deterioration of lens.
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25
Q

what can increase the risk of developing cataract?

A
  1. Long term use of corticosteroids
  2. Exposure to UV light
  3. Ageing, smoking and having diabetes
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26
Q

what type of cataract does prolonged corticosteroid therapy cause?

A

posterior subcapsular cataract

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27
Q

what is an image like for AMD patients?

A

parts of the image will be black (they won’t be able to see everything)

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28
Q

what is an image like for cataract patients?

A

foggy and yellowish

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29
Q

what are Functional implications of cataract?

A
  1. Blurred vision
  2. Reduced contrast
  3. Having difficulty judging depth
  4. Seeing a halo or double vision around lights at night
  5. Seeing images as if through a veil/smoke
  6. Being particularly sensitive to glare and light
  7. Having dulled colour vision.
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30
Q

What is diabetic retinopathy?

A
  • a complication of diabetes affecting small blood vessels of the retina.
  • the blood vessels leak and bleed in the eye
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31
Q

what type of people have a greater risk of developing diabetic retinopathy?

A

Those who have

  1. had diabetes for many years
  2. diabetic kidney disease
  3. type 1 diabetes
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32
Q

what is the image like for those with diabetic retinopathy?

A

-‘clouds’ in the persons vision causing an obstruction to a person’s sight

33
Q

what are the Functional implications of diabetic retinopathy?

A
  1. difficult with fine details
  2. fluctuations in vision from hr to hr or day to day
  3. blurred hazy or double vision
  4. difficulty seeing in night or low light
  5. sensitivie to glare and light
  6. difficult focusing
34
Q

what is glaucoma

A

disease affecting optic nerve at the back of the eye
increased intraocular pressure to malfunction in eyes anterior aqueous humor drainage system
leads to optic nerve damage

35
Q

open-angle glaucoma

A

when iris doesn’t block the trabecular meshwork

so there is anterior-chamber angle between them

36
Q

what is closed- angle glaucoma

A

when iris blocks trabecular meshwork

no anterior -chamber angle between them

37
Q

whats more common open or closed angle glaucoma

A

open angle glaucoma

38
Q

what is commonly given for open-angle glaucoma

A

latanoprost or dorzolamide

39
Q

what is given for clsoed- angle glaucoma

A

pilocarpine

40
Q

what does having a genetic link to glaucoma in the family mean for you as an individual?

A

means you are eight times more likely to develop the disease than the general popuation

41
Q

what are the risk factors for glaucoma?

A 
extreme refractive error 
diabetes 
migraine 
cataracts 
prevoius eye injury 
sleep apnora 
gender, males higher risk 
corticosteroids
42
Q

what are the Functional implications of glaucoma?

A

diffciulty adjusting to lighting changes
occasional blurred vision
seeing halo around lights
increased sensitivty to glare and light
difficult identifying edge of steps or road
tripping over or bumping into objects

43
Q

What is refractive error?

A

a focusing disorder of the eye

most common cause of vision impairement

44
Q

what do we correct refractive errors with

A

by wearing glasses or contact lessions or refractive laser surgery

45
Q

4 types of refractive errors

A

hyperopia
myopia
astigmatism
presbyopia

46
Q

what is hyperopia

A

long isghtedness

47
Q

what happens in hyperopia

A

object focuses behind the retina

48
Q

what do we treat hyperopia with

A

biconvex lenses

49
Q

what is myopia

A

shortsghtedness

50
Q

what happens in myopia

A

object focuses in front of the retina

51
Q

what do we treat myopia with

A

biconcave lens

52
Q

what is astigmatism

A

abnormal shaped cornea- egg shape instead of spherical

53
Q

what is the image of the object like with astigmatism

A

partially clear and other blurred due to object laying on the retina at an angle- focus images at different distances

54
Q

how do we treat astigmatism

A

using a rigid curved lens

55
Q

what is presbyopia

A

rigidity of the eye lens

56
Q

what commonly causes presbyopia

A

old age

57
Q

what is the issue with having rigid eye lens

A

can’t focus the light

58
Q

what are the functional implications of refractive eroor

A

hyperopia - difficulty seeing near objects
myopia- difficulty seeing things in the distance
astigmatism- blurred vision
presbyopia- difficulty seeing near objects occurs from 40 yrs old and onwards

59
Q

what is hordeolum

A

inflammatory infection of the hair follice of the eye lid

60
Q

what is chalazion

A

collection of fluid or soft mass cyst

61
Q

what is blepharitis

A

inflamamtion of the margins of the eye lid

62
Q

what is entropion

A

inversion of eye lid into eye

63
Q

what is ectropon

A

outurned eye lids

64
Q

what is conjuctivitis

A

inflammation of the conjuctiva causing pink eye

65
Q

what causes conjuctivitis

A

viral bacterial infection

irritants

66
Q

symtptoms of conjuctivities

A

redness
tearing
pus

67
Q

what is given for viral conjuctivitis

A

lubricants

steroids if keratitis

68
Q

what is given for allergic conjuctivitis

A

mast cell stabiliser

antihistamine steroid

69
Q

what is given for ocular inflammation

A

corticosteroids
steroid antibiotic combinations
NSAID
oral analgesic

70
Q

what is given for ocular infections

A

topical antibitics
oral antibiotics
anti-viral
analgesic

71
Q

what are mydriatics

A

drugs cauisng pupil dilation

72
Q

what do we give mydiatrics for

A

examine fundus

pain relif in iritis

73
Q

most commonly used mydriatic is

A

mydriacyl

74
Q

effects of cycloplegics

A

they cause cycloplegia which is paralysis of the ciliary muscles to case pupil dilation

75
Q

side effect of cycloplegics and mydriatics

A

blurred vision

76
Q

what are miotics

A

drugs which constrict the pupil e.g. pilocarpine

77
Q

what are miotics used to treat

A

glaucoma

78
Q

what are side effecrs of miotics

A

night blindenss
stinging n instilation
brow ache or spasm

Pharmacy Stage 3 (51 decks)

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