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NURS 200 > Pain Management > Flashcards

Pain Management Flashcards

1
Q

describe PAIN

A
  • is completely SUBJECTIVE
  • no two people experience it the same way
  • the most common reason why people seek healthcare
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2
Q

describe PAIN MANAGEMENT

A
  • practicing PATIENT ADVOCACY
  • must be PATIENT-CENTERED
  • nurses are legally responsible for ASSESSING & MANAGING PAIN
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3
Q

describe the NATURE OF PAIN

A
  • can be PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL, & COGNITIVE
  • type of PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISM that protects an individual from a harmful stimulus
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4
Q

describe the PHYSIOLOGY OF PAIN

A

has the processes of;
TRANSDUCTION
TRANSMISSION
PERCEPTION
MODULATION

these are all aspects of NOCICEPTION

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5
Q

nociception

A
  • an observable activity in the nervous system that allows people to detect pain
  • the PROTECTIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL SERIES OF EVENTS that brings awareness of actual or potential tissue damage
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6
Q

transduction

A

conversion of specific THERMAL, MECHANICAL, or CHEMICAL STIMULI (energy) into ELECTRICAL IMPULSES

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7
Q

transmission

A
  1. sending and transmission of the NOCICEPTIVE IMPULSE
  2. usage of MYELINATED (A-DELTA FIBERS) + UNMYELINATED FIBERS (C-FIBERS)
  3. transmission into MULTIPLE AREAS OF THE BRAIN
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8
Q

perception

A
  1. interpretation of the QUALITY OF PAIN & processing of information from other experiences, knowledge etc…
  2. point of AWARENESS of NOCICEPTIVE IMPULSES
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9
Q

modulation

A

activation of ENDOGENOUS DESCENDING INHIBITORY MEDIATORS
endorphins, GABA, norepinephrine, serotonin
production of an ANALGESIC EFFECT
helps to HINDER TRANSMISSION OF NOCICEPTIVE IMPULSES

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10
Q

gate-control theory of pain

A
  • consists of PHYSIOLOGICAL or BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES
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11
Q

physiological response

A
  • AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:
    • stimulated in the SYMPATHETIC BRANCH
    • results in PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES;
      • increased heart rate, dilation of bronchial tubes, peripheral vasoconstriction, increased blood glucose, increased cortisol levels, diaphoresis
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12
Q

behavioral responses

A
  • affected by CULTURE, PAIN PERCEPTION, STRESS MANAGEMENT, & EXP. WITH PAIN
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13
Q

acute pain

A
  • protective and typically of SHORT DURATION
  • common from ACUTE INJURY, DISEASE, or SURGERY
  • often have FRIGHTENED, ANXIOUS PATIENTS
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14
Q

CHRONIC/PERSISTENT NONCANCER PAIN

A
  • is NOT protective
  • prolonged + varies in intensity; usually lasts longer than 3 - 6 months
  • does NOT ALWAYS have an IDENTIFIABLE CAUSE
    • low back pain, arthritis, fibromyalgia etc…
  • can sometimes FRUSTRATE a PATIENT
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15
Q

CHRONIC EPISODIC PAIN

A
  • pain that happens SPORADICALLY & over extended period of time
  • ex. sickle cell crisis or migraines
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16
Q

CANCER PAIN

A
  • often caused of TUMOR PROGRESSION - related to PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES + INVASIVE PROCEDURES + TOXICITIES of CHEMOTHERAPY, INFECTION, or PHYSICAL LIMITATIONS
17
Q

IDIOPATHIC PAIN

A
  • type of CHRONIC PAIN that either does NOT HAVE an IDENTIFIABLE PHYSICAL or PSYCHOLOGICAL CAUSE
  • ex. COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME
18
Q

what are some preconceptions nurses have about pain?

A
  • don’t believe the patient is in pain
  • thinks patient is just difficult, complaining
  • only reporting and observing through objective data
  • fear of medication addiction
19
Q

what are the factors that influence PAIN?

A
  • PHYSIOLOGICAL
  • SOCIAL
  • PSYCHOLGICAL
  • CULTURAL
20
Q

what are the PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS that influence pain?

A
  • AGE
    infants - they DO FEEL PAIN; cannot express or understand
    adolescents - development changes
    elders - pain is NOT a normal thing as we age/polypharmacy/decreased app.
  • FATIGUE
    more tired = more pain
  • GENES
  • NEUROLOGICAL FXN.
    neuropathy - diabetic patients/SCI
21
Q

what are the SOCIAL FACTORS that influence pain?

A
  • PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE
  • FAMILY & SOCIAL NETWORK
  • SPIRITUAL FACTORS
22
Q

what are the PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS that influence pain?

A
  • ATTENTION
  • ANXIETY & FEAR
  • COPING STYLE
23
Q

what are the CULTURAL FACTORS that influence pain?

A
  • MEANING OF PAIN
  • ETHICITY
24
Q

what are the FACTORS THAT ARE IMPACTED BY PAIN ITSELF?

A
  • person’s quality of life
  • way of self-care
  • how one works
  • proper social support
25
Q

what factors to consider during PAIN ASSESSMENT?

A
  • pain level scale; the SUBJECTIVITY OF PAIN
  • pain expression
  • physical exam
  • pain characteristics;
    timing (onset, duration & pattern)
26
Q

what are our types of PAIN SCALES?

A
  • NUMERICAL RATING SCALE (older adults - cog. active)
  • VERBAL DESCRIPTIVE SCALE (use of descriptors or words)
  • VISUAL ANALOG SCALE
  • WONG-BAKER FACES PAIN RATING SCALE (often used in pediatric settings)
27
Q

what are the PAIN CHARACTERISTICS?

A
  • the quality
  • aggravating/precipitating factors (what makes it better or worse)
  • relief measures
28
Q

what are the PAIN EFFECTS?

A
  • effects on behavior
  • effects on ADLs
29
Q

concomitant symptoms

A

symptoms that come with pain; increases severity
ex. headaches, or nausea

30
Q

how to promote health - pain

A

be OPEN MINDED
use measures that the patient believes
- IMPROVEMENT IS THE GOAL; being completely free of pain is not always realistic

31
Q

what are our NONPHARMACOLOGICAL PAIN-RELIEF INTERVENTIONS?

A
  • relaxation/guided imagery
  • distractions
  • music
  • cutaneous stimuli; massages/hot/cold
  • herbals
  • reducing pain perception
32
Q

what are our PHARMACOLOGICAL PAIN THERAPIES?

A
  • PCA; PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA
  • topical/transdermal
  • local anesthesia / injection
  • epidural
  • perineural local anesthetic infusions
33
Q

what type of ANALGESICS CAN WE TAKE FOR PAIN?

A
  • NONOPIOIDS; tylenol
  • OPIOIDS; narcotics/oxycodone (mod-severe)
  • ADJUVANTS/CO-ANALGESICS; not directly meant for pain; but helps
34
Q

how are PCAs controlled?

A
  • the PATIENT IS THE ONLY PERSON who should press button
  • look for signs of oversedation/resp. depression
  • only certain amts are administered

NURS 200 (24 decks)

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