Pain Flashcards
Exam 1
What is the most universal symptom?
Pain
How is pain defined?
Defined as unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage
Acute Pain
Acute pain is sudden in onset and usually of short duration, presenting immediately following noxious stimuli and tissue damage and continuing for several hours to several weeks.
acute pain serves a biological purpose, alerting us to actual or potential tissue damage and prompting withdrawal or avoidance behaviors.
Chronic Pain
Pain that is present for more than 3 to 6 months, with or without an obvious link to tissue injury, is considered chronic pain. Chronic pain intensity can vary widely; patients describe pain that is achy, dull, stabbing, burning, and icy hot.
Two major groups of pain?
- Nociceptive Pain
- Neuropathic Pain
Nociceptive Pain includes what?
- Cutaneous pain
- Somatic pain
- Visceral Pain
Nociceptive Pain
Nociceptive pain results from stimulation of peripheral nerve fibers by noxious stimuli or conditions in superficial skin and tissues, as well as bones, joints, and muscles, or in organs.
Cutaneous Pain
Nociceptive pain, when originating in superficial tissues, is termed cutaneous pain.
What characteristics define cutaneous pain?
Cutaneous pain tends to be sharp, with intensity varying from mild to severe. It is easily located to a well-defined area.
Somatic Pain
Pain originating deeper in the joints, bones, and muscles is called somatic pain,
What are some characteristics that define somatic pain? and Example?
Somatic pain tends to be dull, achy, and difficult to localize, although the intensity can also vary from mild to severe.
Examples of somatic pain include pain associated with inflammatory diseases of the joints such as arthritis, overuse injuries involving the muscle following exercise, trauma, and degenerative diseases of the bone.
Visceral Pain
pain that has its origins in the organs is termed visceral pain
Characteristics of visceral pain?
Visceral pain can be sharp or dull but is relatively difficult to localize.
Neuropathic pain
neuropathic pain (pain associated with damage or disease affecting the somatosensory nervous system), phantom limb pain following amputation, and fibromyalgia.
Referred Pain
the pain sensation is often present in a location some distance away from the source organ.
When does referred pain occur?
referred pain and occurs when nerve fibers from normally high-sensory areas (superficial tissues) and input from normally low-sensory areas (visceral organs) all converge at a similar level of the spinal cord
Factors that shape the pain experience
- Sociocultural determinants
- Influence of sex and genetics
- anxiety
Way to assess and measure pain
1-10 scale
Measure of pain intensity
How do you measure pain intensity?
- Numeric rating scales
- Verbal rating scales
- Visual analog scales
What is the focused pain assessment acronym?
OPQRST-AAA
What does OPQRST-AAA stand for?
Onset of pain
Quality of pain
Region and radiation
Severity of pain
Time and duration
Aggravating/alleviating factors and associated clinical manifestations
What does the focused pain assessment include? Who does it involve?
It includes a physical examination
In involves a multidisciplinary team (PT, pharmacist, social worker)
What is included in the physical examination of the focused pain assessment?
Range of motion
Neurological assessment
Motor function
What are pain management options?
- NSAIDs
- Prostaglandin synthesis
- Inhibit platelet aggregation
- Anti-inflammatory
What are pharmacological treatment options that are nonopioid options for pain management:
NSAIDs
Pain management options:
Monitoring the risks and benefits of nonopioid analgesic use
Prostaglandin synthesis
Inhibit platelet aggregation
Pain Management options: Pharmacological treatment options-corticosteroids
Anti-inflammatory
Pain Management options: Pharmacological treatment options-local anethetics
Topically applied
Injected into nerves and tissue
Pain Management options: Pharmacological treatment options-topical rubefacients
Topically applied
Cause local vasodilation
Produce cool sensation
Pain Management options: Pharmacological treatment options-atypical analgesics
Clonidine
Tricyclic antidepressants
Glutamine receptor antagonists
Ion-channel blockers
What is used for decision making for effective dose, route, and medication choice?
- Best pain relief
- Fewest adverse effects
Decision making for effective dose, route, and medication choice: Principles established by World Health Organization
- Analgesics given at regular intervals
- Administered according to pain intensity
- Goal is to improve functional quality of life
- Individualized dosing
- Attention to dose and response
- Evaluation of therapeutic response
Nonpharmacological Interventions for pain:
Positioning
Heat and cold
Range of motion and exercise
Music therapy
Guided imagery
Hypnosis
Prayer
