Pain

Question 1

What is the most universal symptom?

Answer 1

Pain

Question 2

How is pain defined?

Answer 2

Defined as unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

Question 3

Acute Pain

Answer 3

Acute pain is sudden in onset and usually of short duration, presenting immediately following noxious stimuli and tissue damage and continuing for several hours to several weeks.

acute pain serves a biological purpose, alerting us to actual or potential tissue damage and prompting withdrawal or avoidance behaviors.

Question 4

Chronic Pain

Answer 4

Pain that is present for more than 3 to 6 months, with or without an obvious link to tissue injury, is considered chronic pain. Chronic pain intensity can vary widely; patients describe pain that is achy, dull, stabbing, burning, and icy hot.

Question 5

Two major groups of pain?

Answer 5

1. Nociceptive Pain
2. Neuropathic Pain

Question 6

Nociceptive Pain includes what?

Answer 6

1. Cutaneous pain
2. Somatic pain
3. Visceral Pain

Question 7

Nociceptive Pain

Answer 7

Nociceptive pain results from stimulation of peripheral nerve fibers by noxious stimuli or conditions in superficial skin and tissues, as well as bones, joints, and muscles, or in organs.

Question 8

Cutaneous Pain

Answer 8

Nociceptive pain, when originating in superficial tissues, is termed cutaneous pain.

Question 9

What characteristics define cutaneous pain?

Answer 9

Cutaneous pain tends to be sharp, with intensity varying from mild to severe. It is easily located to a well-defined area.

Question 10

Somatic Pain

Answer 10

Pain originating deeper in the joints, bones, and muscles is called somatic pain,

Question 11

What are some characteristics that define somatic pain? and Example?

Answer 11

Somatic pain tends to be dull, achy, and difficult to localize, although the intensity can also vary from mild to severe.

Examples of somatic pain include pain associated with inflammatory diseases of the joints such as arthritis, overuse injuries involving the muscle following exercise, trauma, and degenerative diseases of the bone.

Question 12

Visceral Pain

Answer 12

pain that has its origins in the organs is termed visceral pain

Question 13

Characteristics of visceral pain?

Answer 13

Visceral pain can be sharp or dull but is relatively difficult to localize.

Question 14

Neuropathic pain

Answer 14

neuropathic pain (pain associated with damage or disease affecting the somatosensory nervous system), phantom limb pain following amputation, and fibromyalgia.

Question 15

Referred Pain

Answer 15

the pain sensation is often present in a location some distance away from the source organ.

Question 16

When does referred pain occur?

Answer 16

referred pain and occurs when nerve fibers from normally high-sensory areas (superficial tissues) and input from normally low-sensory areas (visceral organs) all converge at a similar level of the spinal cord

Question 17

Factors that shape the pain experience

Answer 17

1. Sociocultural determinants
2. Influence of sex and genetics
3. anxiety

Question 18

Way to assess and measure pain

Answer 18

1-10 scale

Measure of pain intensity

Question 19

How do you measure pain intensity?

Answer 19

1. Numeric rating scales
2. Verbal rating scales
3. Visual analog scales

Question 20

What is the focused pain assessment acronym?

Answer 20

OPQRST-AAA

Question 21

What does OPQRST-AAA stand for?

Answer 21

Onset of pain
Quality of pain
Region and radiation
Severity of pain
Time and duration
Aggravating/alleviating factors and associated clinical manifestations

Question 22

What does the focused pain assessment include? Who does it involve?

Answer 22

It includes a physical examination

In involves a multidisciplinary team (PT, pharmacist, social worker)

Question 23

What is included in the physical examination of the focused pain assessment?

Answer 23

Range of motion
Neurological assessment
Motor function

Question 24

What are pain management options?

Answer 24

1. NSAIDs
2. Prostaglandin synthesis
3. Inhibit platelet aggregation
4. Anti-inflammatory

Question 25

What are pharmacological treatment options that are nonopioid options for pain management:

Answer 25

NSAIDs

Question 26

Pain management options:
Monitoring the risks and benefits of nonopioid analgesic use

Answer 26

Prostaglandin synthesis
Inhibit platelet aggregation

Question 27

Pain Management options: Pharmacological treatment options-corticosteroids

Answer 27

Anti-inflammatory

Question 28

Pain Management options: Pharmacological treatment options-local anethetics

Answer 28

Topically applied
Injected into nerves and tissue

Question 29

Pain Management options: Pharmacological treatment options-topical rubefacients

Answer 29

Topically applied
Cause local vasodilation
Produce cool sensation

Question 30

Pain Management options: Pharmacological treatment options-atypical analgesics

Answer 30

Clonidine
Tricyclic antidepressants
Glutamine receptor antagonists
Ion-channel blockers

Question 31

What is used for decision making for effective dose, route, and medication choice?

Answer 31

1. Best pain relief
2. Fewest adverse effects

Question 32

Decision making for effective dose, route, and medication choice: Principles established by World Health Organization

Answer 32

1. Analgesics given at regular intervals
2. Administered according to pain intensity
3. Goal is to improve functional quality of life
4. Individualized dosing
5. Attention to dose and response
6. Evaluation of therapeutic response

Question 33

Nonpharmacological Interventions for pain:

Answer 33

Positioning
Heat and cold
Range of motion and exercise
Music therapy
Guided imagery
Hypnosis
Prayer