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Fluids & Electrolytes Balance Flashcards

Exam 2

1
Q

What do fluids and electrolytes maintain?

A

Fluids & Electrolytes maintain balance (homeostasis)

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2
Q

Fluids & Electrolytes Balance:

What are cations?

A

Cations are positive ions

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3
Q

Fluids & Electrolytes Balance:

What are anions?

A

Anions are negative ions

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4
Q

Fluids & Electrolytes Balance:

What is the primary constitute of cells?

A

Water is the primary constitute of cells

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5
Q

Fluids & Electrolytes Balance:

How much water on average are in women and in men?

A

55% of average female and 65% male

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6
Q

Fluids & Electrolytes Balance: How many compartments within a cell have fluid?

A

Four compartments

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7
Q

Four compartments of fluid include:

A

Intracellular

Extracellular

Plasma

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8
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

All the fluid within a cell

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9
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

All the fluid outside a cell

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10
Q

What percent of fluid does our plasma account for?

A

80%

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11
Q

FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION

What are the four regulatory mechanisms?

A
  1. Renal system
  2. Endocrine system
  3. Respiratory system
  4. Insensible losses
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12
Q

FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION:

Regulatory mechanisms: What are the primary organs involved in regulating fluid volumes and electrolyte balance?

A

Kidney are primary organs in regulating fluids volume and electrolyte balance.

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13
Q

FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION:

Regulatory mechanisms: What occurs in the glomeruli?

A

Selective reabsorption of water and electrolytes occurs in the glomeruli.

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14
Q

FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION:

How much urine output a day?

A

Urine output is 1 to 2 per day.

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15
Q

FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION:
Endocrine system:

A

Maintain fluid and electrolytes by the Renin-Angiotensin-aldosterone system.

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16
Q

FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION:
Endocrine system: What does it maintain?

A

The system maintains bloods pressure and intravascular fluids.

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17
Q

FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION:

What responds to changes in blood osmolarity?

A

The Antidiuretic hormone and peptides respond to changes in blood osmolarity.

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18
Q

FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION:

When are peptides released?

A

The peptides ae released due to increase blood volume and blood pressure

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19
Q

FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION:

Respiratory system: How does fluid loss occur?

A

fluid loss occurs in the lungs through vaporization that occurs as a result of inspired air being warmed and humidified by the body.

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20
Q

FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION:

What are insensible losses?

A

occurs through the skins, lungs and stool. Trauma, burns, fever , perspiration

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21
Q

FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION:

Indicators of fluid status/ways that fluid status of a patient is evaluated includes:

A

Review of body weight

Osmolality

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Creatinine

Urine specific gravity

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22
Q

FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION:

Body weight- can assess what about hydration?

A

(dry oral mucous membranes and poor skin turgor, edema and weight gain

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23
Q

FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION:

Osmolality

A

concentration of a solution as determined by the number of solutes in a kilogram of blood and urine.

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24
Q

FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION:

Osmolality: What is the most effective way to measure osmolality?

A

Random urine specimen at the same time is the most effective means to evaluate.

25
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION: Osmolality: What is the normal ration between urine and blood osmolality?
Normal ratio between urine and blood osmolality 3:1.
26
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION: BUN- What does it measure?
Blood urea nitrogen measures the nitrogen portion of urea and serves as a measure of glomerular function. Normal 8 to 21 mg/dL
27
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION: BUN- What are normal BUN values?
Normal 8 to 21 mg/dL
28
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION: Creatinine
by product of muscle creatinine phosphate metabolism.
29
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION: Creatinine: How is it constant?
Constant as long a muscle mass remains constant and serves as a better indication of kidney function. (Than BUN)
30
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION: Creatinine: What are normal values?
0.5 to 1.2 mg/dL
31
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION: Urine specific gravity-
measure of dissolved chemicals in urine and reflects the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine.
32
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION: Urine specific gravity-What are normal values?
Range 1.005 to 1.030. High urine specific gravity.
33
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION: Urine specific gravity-Who would a high specific gravity be seen in?
Someone who is dehydrated or has decreased renal perfusion
34
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION: Urine specific gravity-Who would a low specific gravity be seen in?
the urine is more on the dilute side and it could indicate the use of diuretics or someone with DI.
35
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION: Age-related changes include:
Decreased taste, smell, and thirst Health issues Lack of financial resources
36
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION: Age-related changes: Why would a decline in olfactory function occur in older people?
Decline in olfactory function due to decrease in olfactory fibers or receptors
37
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION: What would loss of teeth/ill fitting dentures place old people at risk for?
Loss of teeth or ill fitting dentures placing them at risk for malnutrition, immunity , weight loss and deterioration of health status.
38
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION: Age-related changes: What may influence appetite, food selection and food absorption?
Older adults have arthritis, diabetes mellitus , heart failure and HTN that require meds that influence appetite, food selection and food absorption
39
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION: Age-related changes: Lack of financial resources leads to
Lack of financial resources- purchase and prepare nutritionally balance meals, lack of transportation, reduced income, healthcare expenses. Loneliness and depression. Cognitive changes dementia.
40
FLUID IMBALANCES Hypovolemia:
fluid volume deficit
41
FLUID IMBALANCES Hypovolemia: Causes?
Excessive loss of fluid Insufficient intake of fluid Fluid shifts
42
FLUID IMBALANCES Hypovolemia: fluid volume deficit: Lab values effected?
Electrolytes Hemoglobin and hematocrit Serum osmolality BUN and creatinine Urine specific gravity Urine osmolality
43
FLUID IMBALANCES Hypovolemia: fluid volume deficit: Lab values effected: Electrolytes effected?
Electrolytes (potassium and sodium)
44
FLUID IMBALANCES Hypovolemia: fluid volume deficit: Lab values effected: Hemoglobin and hematocrit can indicate?
Hemoglobin and hematocrit (hemorrhage)
45
FLUID IMBALANCES Hypovolemia: fluid volume deficit: Lab values : Serum osmolality - what occurs?
(with a loss of water serum sodium increased)
46
FLUID IMBALANCES Hypovolemia: fluid volume deficit: Clinical Manifestations include:
Weight loss Decreased skin turgor Concentrated urine output Oliguria (low urine output) Thirst Dry mucous membranes Weak, rapid peripheral pulses Flattened neck veins Hypotension Pale skin
47
FLUID IMBALANCES Hypovolemia: fluid volume deficit Medical Management
Identify and treat cause Intake of oral fluids IV isotonic solutions Close monitoring
48
FLUID IMBALANCES Hypovolemia: fluid volume deficit Nursing Management
Collection of health history Physical assessment
49
FLUID IMBALANCES Hypovolemia: fluid volume deficit Nursing Management: What does the physical assessment entail?
Vital signs Mucous membranes, skin turgor Urine specific gravity, color, volume I&O
50
FLUID IMBALANCES Hypovolemia: fluid volume deficit Complications
Hypovolemic shock Oliguria leading to anuria
51
FLUID IMBALANCES Hypovolemia: fluid volume deficit Complications: Hypovolemic shock?
Hypovolemic shock (emergency loss of blood or fluid making the heart unable to pump enough blood)
52
FLUID IMBALANCES Hypovolemia: fluid volume deficit (cont’d) What kind of fluid would we give through IV?
Normal saline Lactated Ringers
53
FLUID IMBALANCES Hypervolemia: What is it?
fluid volume excess
54
FLUID IMBALANCES Hypervolemia: fluid volume excess: Causes?
Increased water and sodium retention Cirrhosis Heart failure Stress conditions Use of corticosteroids Sodium intake
55
FLUID IMBALANCES Hypervolemia: fluid volume excess Laboratory values
Serum electrolytes Hematocrit B U N Serum osmolality Albumin Hyponatemia
56
How are electrolyte levels in someone with hypervolemia?
Levels are low
57
FLUID IMBALANCES Hypervolemia: fluid volume excess: Clinical manifestations
Weight gain Ascites Edema Increased urine output Cardiac symptoms Respiratory symptoms (cough, orthopnea, wheezing , crackles)
58
FLUID IMBALANCES Hypervolemia: fluid volume excess Medical Management includes?
Correcting and managing underlying cause Treating clinical manifestations Fluid restriction Discontinue I V fluids Diuretics Dialysis
59
What can be used as a diuretic?
Lasix Morphine

Medsurg (21 decks)

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