Gastrointestinal, Pancreatic, and Biliary Disorders Flashcards
Exam 3
1
Q
What is the GI system responsible for?
A
Gastrointestinal system is responsible for intake, digestion, and elimination of food and fluids
2
Q
What is the key to adequate nutrition?
A
Proper functioning of GI is key to adequate nutrition
3
Q
What are the two divisions of the GI system?
A
- Alimentary tract
- Accessory organs
4
Q
Normal functioning of the GI system also includes?
A
Normal functioning also includes the nervous and endocrine systems
5
Q
Where does the process of digestion begin? Where does it continue?
A
the digestion process begins in the mouth and continues to the stomach and small intestines
6
Q
What are the large intestines responsible for?
A
the large intestines are primarily responsible for the reabsorption of fluid and electrolytes and the elimination of waste products
7
Q
GI: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW
Mouth: What does it do?
A
Mastication
Deglutition
Buccal
8
Q
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Mouth: What kind of breakdown occur?
A
the process of digestion begins in the mouth where chemical and mechanical breakdown of food occurs.
9
Q
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Mouth: What does saliva produce?
A
Saliva containing amylase and lipase is excreted from the group of glands.
10
Q
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Mouth: What is amylase responsible for?
A
sublingual and submandibular glands amylase is responsible for chemical breakdown of carbohydrates and lipids.
Is responsible for the chemical digestion of fat digestion of protein actually occurs in the stomach
11
Q
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Mouth: How does the process of swallowing occur? What does it involve?
A
the process of swallowing occurs in two phases and involves the esophageal muscles and the cranial nerves cranials.
nerve 5 cranial derm 6 cranial nerve 9 and cranial nerve 12
12
Q
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Mouth: What cranial nerves are involved in swallowing?
A
Nerve 5
Nerve 6
Nerve 9
Nerve 12
13
Q
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW
Esophagus: What is it?
A
Hollow muscular tube
14
Q
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW
Esophagus: How does it extend (talking about vertebral levels?
A
Extends from the vertebral levels of C6 to T7
15
Q
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Esophagus: What pushes food downward?
A
Peristaltic movements push the food bolus downward
16
Q
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Stomach: What allows for the digestive functions of the stomach?
A
Specialized cells secrete chemicals essential to the digestive functions of the stomach
17
Q
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Stomach: What cells are involved?
A
Mucous cells
Parietal cells
Chief cells
Enteroendocrine cells
18
Q
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Stomach: What do mucus cells do?
A
mucus cells secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining
19
Q
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Stomach: What do parietal cells do?
A
Parietal cells secretes hydrochloric acid.
The parietal cells also secrete intrinsic factor
20
Q
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Stomach: What does the HCI secreted by parietal cells do?
A
That acid converts the food to chyme as well as converts gastric lipase and pepsinogen to active forms
21
Q
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW
Stomach: What does the intrinsic factor produced by parietal cells in the stomach do?
A
The parietal cells also secrete intrinsic factor which is a chemical needed to absorb vitamin B12 are important component of hemoglobin
22
Q
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW
Stomach: What do chief cells secrete? What do these secretions do?
A
chief cells secrete enzymes for gastric lipase which digests approximately 15% of dietary fats
23
Q
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
What is the second largest organ in the body?
A
Liver
24
Q
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Liver: Major functions of the Liver- What does it degrade?
A
Absorption and metabolism of nutrients
Degradation of toxins, hormones, and medications
Synthesis of proteins
25
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Liver: Major functions of the Liver- What does it synthesize?
Synthesis of proteins
26
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Liver: Major functions of the Liver- What does it do?
Absorption and metabolism of nutrients
27
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
What are specialized cells of the liver and what do they do?
Kupffer cells detoxify the blood of bacteria
28
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Liver: Where is it located?
it is positioned largely across the right upper quadrant and extends into the left upper quadrant
29
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Liver: How is it segmented?
it is segmented into 4 lobes and separated by ligaments
30
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Liver: How does blood flow through it?
25% of cardiac output flows through the dual blood system and an oxygenated rich supply from the hepatic artery
31
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Gallbladder: Where is it located?
located in the right upper quadrant the gallbladder is a pear shaped sac
32
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Gallbladder: What does bile do?
bile is needed for the emulsification of fat
33
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Gallbladder: How does bile travel?
bile leaves the liver and passes through the ductal system
34
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Gallbladder: What is it responsible for?
Responsible for bile storage and concentration
35
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Where is bile stored and excreted?
Bile is excreted from the liver and stored in the gallbladder
36
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW :
Pancreas: What are the three landmark areas?
Head
Body
Tail
37
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW :
Pancreas: What kind of functions does it have?
Both endocrine and exocrine functions
38
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW :
Pancreas: As an endocrine organ, what does it do?
as an endocrine organ it produces insulin and Glucagon
39
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW :
Pancreas: As an exocrine organ, what does it do?
as an exocrine gland the pancreas secretes a liquid known as pancreatic juice.
40
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW :
Pancreas: As an exocrine gland the pancreas secretes a liquid known as pancreatic juice.
What does the pancreatic juice contain? What are these ingredients needed for?
That contains water sodium bicarbonate protein enzymes needed for protein digestion and pancreatic enzymes needed for carbohydrates, fats and DNA and RNA
41
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW ;
Pancreas: When is Cholecystokinin released?
Cholecystokinin Is released from the jejunum and duodenum when gastric juice, long fatty chains and certain amino acids are present
42
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW
Small intestine: What is it involved in?
Protein, carbohydrate, and fat digestion and absorption
43
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW
Small intestine: How is the small intestine divided?
The small intestines is divided into 3 components;
the duodenum,
the jejunum
and the ilium .
44
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
What happens to the chyme when is leaves the stomach?
Chyme leaves the stomach via the pyloric canal and connected to one of them to the 1st and shortest segments of the small intestine
45
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Small intestine: How long is the longest part of the small intestine?
Also longest portion of the small intestine is 12 feet
46
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW :
Small intestine: WHAT THE HECK
pancreative enzymes and bile pass through the bile duct and the party at the pancreatic duct and are released into the duodenum
47
Anatomy of the Small and Large Intestine:
Where does semi liquid chyme go when it leaves the small intestine?
semi liquid chyme leaves a small intestines and enters the last segment of digestion the large intestines
48
Where is most absorption done in the small intestine?
most absorption is done in the small intestines
49
Anatomy of the Small and Large Intestine
What is the function of the large intestine?
the function of the large intestines is fluid and electrolyte reabsorption and elimination
50
Anatomy of the Small and Large Intestine
What area of the large intestine is chyme received?
The cecum is a pouch like area and it receives a semi liquid chyme from the small intestines
51
Anatomy of the Small and Large Intestine
Where does the transformation of waste occur? What is the transformation?
the transformation of waste from semi liquid state to form stool occurs in the colon
52
Anatomy of the Small and Large Intestine
How is the colon divided?
the colon is divided into 4 sections ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid.
53
Anatomy of the Small and Large Intestine
Where does the ascending colon begin?
the ascending: begins in the right lower quadrant
54
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Large Intestine- Cecum: What does the cecum receive?
Cecum receives the semiliquid chyme from the small intestine
55
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Large Intestine- Cecum: What is reabsorbed? What does this lead to?
Vitamins A, D, E, and K; sodium; and water are reabsorbed, creating semiformed stool
56
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Large Intestine- Colon: What happens in the colon?
Transformation of waste from a semiliquid state to formed feces
57
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:
Large Intestine- Anal Canal: What is the anal canal made up of?
Internal and external anal sphincters to regulate the passage of feces
58
ASSESSMENT:
History: What are you collecting?
Conduct a culturally sensitive and relevant interview while avoiding stereotyping
Routine physical or a problem-focused examination
Collect medical, surgical, family, and social history
Pertinent questions
59
ASSESSMENT:
History: What are the pertinent questions you are asking?
Appetite, food intake, weight changes, loss of appetite, and changes in bowel patterns
60
Physical examination
What is the order of technique?
Inspection
Auscultation
Percussion
Palpation
61
What are the normal palpable structures?
Normal liver edge
Right Kidney lower pole
Cecum ascending colon
Aorta
Rectus muscles lateral borders
Sigmoid colon
Full bladder
62
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES include:
Laboratory studies
Imaging studies
Ultrasonography
Barium studies
Endoscopy
63
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES include:
Laboratory studies
Assessment of gastrointestinal function includes various types of serum, urine, and stool analyses
64
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES include:
Imaging studies
X-ray of the abdomen
Presence of air in the abdomen is consistent with an obstruction
65
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES include:
Ultrasonography
Sound waves are transmitted to a particular organ
66
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES include:
Ultrasonography: What does it detect?
Detects any size and structural abnormalities of the underlying abdominal cavity organs and vessels
67
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES include:
Barium studies:
Series of x-rays to examine the GI tract
Diagnostic or therapeutic
68
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES include:
Barium studies: what does the patient do?
Patients drink barium, a radiographic opaque liquid
69
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES: Endoscopy- how does it work?
Fiber-optic scope is used to visualize the GI tract
70
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES: Endoscopy- What are the three purposes of this procedure?
3 purposes are diagnostic, curative, or palliative
71
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES: What are age related changes with GI?
Large functional reserve capacity
Aging has minimal effects on GI function
Constipation
Heartburn
Tooth loss
72
Oral and Esophageal Disorders:
What part of the GI tract is the oral cavity and esophagus part of?
Oral cavity and esophagus are part of the upper GI tract
73
Oral and Esophageal Disorders:
What are the oral cavity and esophagus vulnerable to?
Injury, infection, trauma, and cancer
74
Oral and Esophageal Disorders:
How are many cancers preventable?
Many cancers are preventable by eliminating risk factors
75
Oral and Esophageal Disorders
Stomatitis- Epidemiology
What is it?
Inflammatory condition affecting the oral mucosa, dentition, and periosteum
76
Oral and Esophageal Disorders
Stomatitis- Epidemiology
What kind of population does it occur in?
Occurs in 40% of patients receiving chemotherapy
77
Oral and Esophageal Disorders
Stomatitis
Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations
What is it also known as?
Also known as oral mucositis
78
Oral and Esophageal Disorders
Stomatitis
Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations
Painful inflammation/ulceration of the lining of the mouth
79
ORAL AND ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES
Hiatal hernia- Epidemiology
What happens with age?
Increases with age as supportive structures weaken over time
80
ORAL AND ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES
Hiatal hernia- Epidemiology
What group of people are mostly effected (as in what percent)?
60% of those affected are 50 or older
81
ORAL AND ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES
Hiatal hernia
Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations
Portion of the stomach protrudes upward through the LES and into the esophagus
82
ORAL AND ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES
Hiatal hernia
Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations
What are the types of hiatal hernias?
Type 1 and type 2
83
ORAL AND ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES
Hiatal hernia
Management: What tests are done?
Upper abdominal x-ray
Endoscopy
Barium swallow with fluoroscopy
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD
Medications for symptoms of heartburn and acid reflux
Surgery
84
ORAL AND ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES:
Gastroesophageal reflux disease: What is it caused by?
Caused by acid reflux from stomach into esophagus
85
ORAL AND ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES:
Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Epidemiology
Where is it prevalent? What percent of people are affected?
Highly prevalent disorder in Western countries
10% to 20% affected
86
ORAL AND ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES:
Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Epidemiology
What bacteria is involved? What does it do?
H pylori has been found to decrease gastric acid secretion
87
ORAL AND ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations: How does it result?
Results when there is retrograde flow of GI contents into esophagus
88
ORAL AND ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations: Results when there is retrograde flow of GI contents into esophagus
What does this cause?
Resulting in inflammation
89
ORAL AND ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES:
Management
pH monitoring and recording
Esophageal manometry or motility testing
90
ORAL AND ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES
Gastroesophageal reflux disease Endoscopic treatments include:
Stretta procedure involves the use of radiofrequency energy through an endoscope by using needles positioned near the GEJ
91
ORAL AND ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES
Gastroesophageal reflux disease Endoscopic treatments include: Surgical management
What kind of patients may require surgery?
Small number of patients with GERD require surgery
92
3% of all cancers are what?
3% of all cancers are oral cancers
93
ORAL CANCER
Epidemiology: How many new cases a year? How many deaths?
30,000 new cases and 4,800 deaths per year
94
ORAL CANCER
Epidemiology: Who is affected more? By how much?
Men are affected 2-4 times more than women?
95
ORAL CANCER
Epidemiology: What tends to grow fast?
Squamous cell carcinomas tend to grow rapidly and metastasize
96
ORAL CANCER
Epidemiology: What tends to grow slow?
Basal cell carcinomas tend to grow slowly and become invasive over time
97
ORAL CANCER:
Pathophysiology:
Premalignant lesions
98
ORAL CANCER:
Pathophysiology: Premalignant lesions include:
Leukoplakia
Erythroplakia
99
ORAL CANCER:
Clinical manifestations: What do early symptoms affect?
Early symptoms affect the floor of the mouth or tongue
Asymptomatic in the early stages
100
ORAL CANCER:
What is management?
Radiation therapy
Medications
101
ORAL CANCER:
What are complications?
Infiltration to muscles and underlying tissue, resulting in difficulty eating or talking
102
ORAL CANCER:
Surgical management
Treatment of small noninvasive lesions under local or general anesthesia
103
ORAL TRAUMA
Epidemiology
Injury to specific bones of the face, including nasal, mandibular, and maxillary fractures
Soft tissue injuries in and around the mouth
104
ORAL TRAUMA
Pathophysiology: What is oral trauma patho related to?
Related to location and severity of injury
105
ORAL TRAUMA
Pathophysiology: Direct damage to oral cavity can lead to what?
Direct damage to the oral cavity that can lead to partial or complete airway occlusion
106
ORAL TRAUMA:
Pathophysiology: Direct damage to the oral cavity that can lead to partial or complete airway occlusion include:
Le Fort I, II, III
107
ORAL TRAUMA:
Management: What is there an increased risk for? What does this mean?
Increased risk for infection, therefore, broad-spectrum antibiotics are ordered
107
ORAL TRAUMA:
Clinical manifestations
Increased respiratory rate, stridor, shortness of breath, decreased oxygen saturation, hypercarbia, elevated heart rate, and changes in level of consciousness
Oral bleeding, swelling, edema, loss of teeth, and pain
108
ORAL TRAUMA:
Management: What is it directed at?
Directed at establishing and maintaining the airway and controlling bleeding
109
ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
What are the two types?
1. Squamous cell carcinomas
2. adenocarcinomas
110
ESOPHAGEAL CANCER:
Less than 1% include what?
Less than 1% include small cell neuroendocrine cancers, lymphomas, and sarcomas
111
ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
Pathophysiology: What are the upper and lower esophagus?
Upper 2/3 of esophagus are squamous cell carcinomas
Lower 1/3 of esophagus are esophageal adenocarcinoma
112
ESOPHAGEAL CANCER:
Clinical manifestations
Progressive dysphagia is the most common symptom
113
ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
Management and diagnostic tests
Barium swallow, CT, PET, endoscopic ultrasonography, thoracoscopy and laparoscopy
114
ESOPHAGEAL CANCER:
What kind of complementary and alternative medicine is used to relieve pain?
Yoga, meditation, spirituality, and religion are used to relieve pain
115
ESOPHAGEAL CANCER:
Complications?
Risks related to treatment in addition to risks associated with advanced disease
116
ESOPHAGEAL CANCER:
Surgical management: What are surgeries for?
Palliative surgical interventions to restore patients’ ability to swallow and to maintain optimal nutrition
117
ESOPHAGEAL CANCER:
Esophagectomy: What occurs during it?
A portion of the cancer and nearby tissue in the esophagus is removed.
The esophagus is joined to the stomach.
118
ESOPHAGEAL TRAUMA:
Pathophysiology: What is it related to?
Related to the cause of trauma
119
ESOPHAGEAL TRAUMA:
What is management?
Control of bleeding,
wound management and drainage,
prevention of infection, and
providing nutrition
120
ESOPHAGEAL TRAUMA:
Diagnostic tests include:
Chest x-ray, chest CT, contrast esophagography
121
ESOPHAGEAL TRAUMA:
Surgical management includes
Control bleeding,
remove damaged tissue,
repair wounds,
resect part of the esophagus
Replace the esophagus with a bowel segment
122
Stomach Disorders
What are the most common stomach disorders?
Gastritis
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
Gastric cancer
123
Stomach Disorders
Most common disorders:
Gastritis
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
Gastric cancer
124
GASTRITIS
What are the types of gastritis
Acute gastritis,
chronic gastritis
atrophic gastritis
125
GASTRITIS:
What is acute gastritis?
Chronic ingestion of irritating foods and alcohol
126
GASTRITIS:
What is acute gastritis a complication of?
Complication of acute illnesses such as traumatic injuries; burns; severe infection; hepatic, renal, or respiratory failure; or major surgery
127
GASTRITIS:
Pathophysiology: What is the most common cause?
Most common cause is Helicobacter pylori
128
GASTRITIS:
Pathophysiology: What are other common causes?
Other causes of gastritis include alcohol, NSAIDs, Crohn’s disease, tuberculosis, and bile reflux
129
GASTRITIS:
Pathophysiology: Causes of chronic gastritis and prolonged inflammation of the stomach include:
Chronic local irritation or by the bacterium H pylori
130
GASTRITIS:
Pathophysiology: What is it associated with?
Associated with presence of antibodies to parietal cells and intrinsic factor
131
GASTRITIS
Clinical manifestations include:
Epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting, weight loss, decreased appetite, and stool color changes
132
GASTRITIS
Clinical Manifestations: What may exacerbate pain?
Pain may be exacerbated with spicy food ingestion
133
GASTRITIS
Management: What does gross endoscopic diagnosis indicate?
Gross endoscopic diagnosis correlates poorly with histological findings
134
GASTRITIS:
Surgical management: What rare cases may surgical intervention be needed?
In the rare patient requiring surgical intervention for severe hemorrhagic gastritis
135
GASTRITIS:
Patient requiring surgical intervention for severe hemorrhagic gastritis may have what kind of surgery?
Vagotomy
Partial or total gastrectomy
Pyloroplasty
136
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE:
What are the types of peptic ulcers?
Duodenal ulcers and gastric ulcers
137
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE
Pathophysiology: Where does PUD occur? Why?
Occur in gastroduodenal mucosa as this tissue cannot withstand digestive action of gastric acid and pepsin
138
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE
Clinical manifestations: What do signs and symptoms?
Signs and symptoms depend on ulcer location and patient age
139
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE
Clinical manifestations: What is the most common symptom?
Pain is the most common symptom
140
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE
Management: When is it diagnosed?
Diagnosed during upper endoscopy, laboratory and radiological tests
141
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE
Medications: What are they for?
Pain relief, ulcer healing, prevent recurrence, and reduction of complications
141
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE
Management: What is the preferred procedure?
Upper GI endoscopy is the preferred procedure
142
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE:
Medications: What does it suppress?
Acid suppression in both duodenal and gastric ulcers and in preventing recurrence
143
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE:
Medications: Treatment for H.pylori
Therapy in H pylori‒positive patients is eradicating infection and healing the ulcer
144
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE:
What are complications?
Perforation and penetration into attached structures, and obstruction
145
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE:
Surgical management: What is it only required for?
Only required with nonhealing and bleeding ulcers
146
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE:
What do minimally invasive procedures allow for?
Minimally invasive procedures allow ulcers to be removed or bleeding controlled
147
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE
Surgical management: What do most people have?
Most have oversewing of a bleeding ulcer, or patch of a perforated ulcer, or distal gastrectomy
148
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE
Surgical management: What do most operations include?
Major operations include bilateral vagotomy, pyloroplasty, and gastrectomy
149
GASTRIC CANCER
Epidemiology: What groups of people is it most common in?
More common in lower socioeconomic groups
Affects males 2x's more often than females
Causes are unknown
150
GASTRIC CANCER
Pathophysiology:
Malignant epithelial tumor that infiltrates the mucus-producing cells of the stomach
151
GASTRIC CANCER
Pathophysiology: Where is this cancer typically found?
Most frequently found in the distal portion
152
GASTRIC CANCER:
Clinical manifestations: When do symptoms appear?
Often are asymptomatic until late in their course
153
GASTRIC CANCER
Clinical manifestations
Indigestion, anorexia, weight loss, vague epigastric pain, vomiting, and an abdominal mass
154
GASTRIC CANCER
Management: How is diagnosis made?
Diagnosis by a variety of techniques
Barium x-ray studies, endoscopic studies with biopsy, and cytological studies of gastric secretions
155
GASTRIC CANCER
Surgical management: What is the universal precursor to gastric adenocarcinoma?
Gastric dysplasia is the universal precursor to gastric adenocarcinoma
156
GASTRIC CANCER
Surgical management: When would gastric resection be considered?
In severe dysplasia gastric resection is considered
157
GASTRIC CANCER
Surgical management: What is treatment in early stages?
In early stages, laparoscopic surgery plus adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation
158
GASTRIC CANCER
What are complications of Gastric Cancer?
Dumping syndrome
159
Dumping Syndrome:
What should be done about this?
Eat six to eight small meals daily to avoid eating too much at a time.
160
Dumping Syndrome:
How should diet be to avoid this?
Have a protein food with each meal and snack such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, cheese, yogurt, nuts, tofu or peanut butter.
161
Dumping Syndrome:
What should NOT be done if you have this?
Do not drink liquids with meals.
162
Intestinal Disorders:
What is the intestinal system made up of?
Intestinal system composed of small and large intestines
163
Intestinal Disorders:
What are the main functions of the intestines?
Main functions are digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste products
164
Intestinal Disorders :
What is the function of the small intestine?
Small intestine's function is digestion and absorption of nutrients
165
Intestinal Disorders:
What is the function of the large intestine?
Large intestine's function is absorption of water
166
Intestinal Disorders:
What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
167
Intestinal Disorders:
The 3 sections of the small intestine: Duodenum
Approximately 10 in. (25 cm) long
168
Intestinal Disorders:
The 3 sections of the small intestine: Jejunum
Approximately 8 ft (2.5 m)
169
Intestinal Disorders:
The 3 sections of the small intestine: Ileum
Approximately 12 ft (3.5 m)
170
Large Intestine:
What are the three sections of the large intestine?
Cecum
Colon
Rectum
171
Large Intestine:
Cecum: How long is it?
Approximately 2 to 3 in.
172
Large Intestine:
Rectum: How long is it?
Approximately 7 to 8 in. extending to the anus
173
INTESTINAL DISORDERS:
Hernias- Epidemiology:
Protrusion of abdominal contents through area of weakened muscle in the abdominal cavity
174
INTESTINAL DISORDERS
Hernias
Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations: Where can manifestations occur?
May occur anywhere in the body
175
INTESTINAL DISORDERS
Hernias
Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations: Where do manifestations frequently occur?
Frequently occurs in abdominal cavity with intestines protruding through an abnormal opening
176
INTESTINAL DISORDERS
Hernias
Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations: How are they viewed?
Reducible or irreducible
176
INTESTINAL DISORDERS:
Hernias
Types of hernias: What are they?
Inguinal
Femoral
Umbilical
Ventral or incisional
177
INTESTINAL DISORDERS
Hernias
Inguinal hernia: What are the types?
Indirect iguinal hernia
Direct iguinal hernia
178
INTESTINAL DISORDERS:
Hernias: What is the most common treatment for this?
Most common treatment of hernias is surgery
179
INTESTINAL DISORDERS:
Hernias: What are the surgeries done for hernias?
Herniorrhaphy
Hernioplasty
180
INTESTINAL DISORDERS:
Hernias: What are complications of them? (What can happen to the intestines)
Strangulation of the intestine
Intestinal obstruction and/or necrosis of bowel tissue
181
INTESTINAL DISORDERS:
Hemorrhoids: Epidemiology- what is it?
Swollen or dilated veins in the anorectal area
182
INTESTINAL DISORDERS:
Hemorrhoids: Epidemiology- How common is it? Who does it effect?
Common disorder that affects both men and women
183
INTESTINAL DISORDERS
Hemorrhoids
Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations (Where are they and how may they become?)
Hemorrhoids are internal or external
May become thrombosed, or clotted
Standard grading system
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INTESTINAL DISORDERS
Hemorrhoids
Management; What is treatment? What does it involve?
Conservative and involves relief of pain and symptoms
Cold packs and sitz baths 3-4 x’s/day reduce some swelling and pain
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INTESTINAL DISORDERS:
Hemorrhoids
Surgical management
Rubber-band ligation, bipolar, infrared, and laser coagulation, sclerotherapy, cryosurgery, and hemorrhoidectomy
186
INTESTINAL DISORDERS
Irritable bowel syndrome
Epidemiology: What are the three types of IBS?
3 types of IBS
IBS-C, IBS-D, and IBS-M
187
INTESTINAL DISORDERS
Irritable bowel syndrome
Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations: What is the cause?
Exact cause is unknown but there are possible theories
