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Medsurg > Gastrointestinal, Pancreatic, and Biliary Disorders > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal, Pancreatic, and Biliary Disorders Flashcards

Exam 3

1
Q

What is the GI system responsible for?

A

Gastrointestinal system is responsible for intake, digestion, and elimination of food and fluids

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2
Q

What is the key to adequate nutrition?

A

Proper functioning of GI is key to adequate nutrition

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3
Q

What are the two divisions of the GI system?

A
  1. Alimentary tract
  2. Accessory organs
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4
Q

Normal functioning of the GI system also includes?

A

Normal functioning also includes the nervous and endocrine systems

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5
Q

Where does the process of digestion begin? Where does it continue?

A

the digestion process begins in the mouth and continues to the stomach and small intestines

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6
Q

What are the large intestines responsible for?

A

the large intestines are primarily responsible for the reabsorption of fluid and electrolytes and the elimination of waste products

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7
Q

GI: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW

Mouth: What does it do?

A

Mastication

Deglutition

Buccal

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8
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

Mouth: What kind of breakdown occur?

A

the process of digestion begins in the mouth where chemical and mechanical breakdown of food occurs.

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9
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

Mouth: What does saliva produce?

A

Saliva containing amylase and lipase is excreted from the group of glands.

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10
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

Mouth: What is amylase responsible for?

A

sublingual and submandibular glands amylase is responsible for chemical breakdown of carbohydrates and lipids.

Is responsible for the chemical digestion of fat digestion of protein actually occurs in the stomach

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11
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

Mouth: How does the process of swallowing occur? What does it involve?

A

the process of swallowing occurs in two phases and involves the esophageal muscles and the cranial nerves cranials.

nerve 5 cranial derm 6 cranial nerve 9 and cranial nerve 12

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12
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

Mouth: What cranial nerves are involved in swallowing?

A

Nerve 5

Nerve 6

Nerve 9

Nerve 12

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13
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW

Esophagus: What is it?

A

Hollow muscular tube

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14
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW

Esophagus: How does it extend (talking about vertebral levels?

A

Extends from the vertebral levels of C6 to T7

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15
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

Esophagus: What pushes food downward?

A

Peristaltic movements push the food bolus downward

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16
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

Stomach: What allows for the digestive functions of the stomach?

A

Specialized cells secrete chemicals essential to the digestive functions of the stomach

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17
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

Stomach: What cells are involved?

A

Mucous cells

Parietal cells

Chief cells

Enteroendocrine cells

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18
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

Stomach: What do mucus cells do?

A

mucus cells secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining

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19
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

Stomach: What do parietal cells do?

A

Parietal cells secretes hydrochloric acid.

The parietal cells also secrete intrinsic factor

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20
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

Stomach: What does the HCI secreted by parietal cells do?

A

That acid converts the food to chyme as well as converts gastric lipase and pepsinogen to active forms

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21
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW

Stomach: What does the intrinsic factor produced by parietal cells in the stomach do?

A

The parietal cells also secrete intrinsic factor which is a chemical needed to absorb vitamin B12 are important component of hemoglobin

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22
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW

Stomach: What do chief cells secrete? What do these secretions do?

A

chief cells secrete enzymes for gastric lipase which digests approximately 15% of dietary fats

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23
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

What is the second largest organ in the body?

A

Liver

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24
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

Liver: Major functions of the Liver- What does it degrade?

A

Absorption and metabolism of nutrients
Degradation of toxins, hormones, and medications
Synthesis of proteins

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25
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

Liver: Major functions of the Liver- What does it synthesize?

A

Synthesis of proteins

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26
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

Liver: Major functions of the Liver- What does it do?

A

Absorption and metabolism of nutrients

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27
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

What are specialized cells of the liver and what do they do?

A

Kupffer cells detoxify the blood of bacteria

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28
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

Liver: Where is it located?

A

it is positioned largely across the right upper quadrant and extends into the left upper quadrant

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29
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

Liver: How is it segmented?

A

it is segmented into 4 lobes and separated by ligaments

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30
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

Liver: How does blood flow through it?

A

25% of cardiac output flows through the dual blood system and an oxygenated rich supply from the hepatic artery

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31
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

Gallbladder: Where is it located?

A

located in the right upper quadrant the gallbladder is a pear shaped sac

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32
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

Gallbladder: What does bile do?

A

bile is needed for the emulsification of fat

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33
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

Gallbladder: How does bile travel?

A

bile leaves the liver and passes through the ductal system

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34
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

Gallbladder: What is it responsible for?

A

Responsible for bile storage and concentration

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35
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

Where is bile stored and excreted?

A

Bile is excreted from the liver and stored in the gallbladder

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36
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW :

Pancreas: What are the three landmark areas?

A

Head

Body

Tail

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37
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW :

Pancreas: What kind of functions does it have?

A

Both endocrine and exocrine functions

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38
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW :

Pancreas: As an endocrine organ, what does it do?

A

as an endocrine organ it produces insulin and Glucagon

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39
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW :

Pancreas: As an exocrine organ, what does it do?

A

as an exocrine gland the pancreas secretes a liquid known as pancreatic juice.

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40
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW :

Pancreas: As an exocrine gland the pancreas secretes a liquid known as pancreatic juice.

What does the pancreatic juice contain? What are these ingredients needed for?

A

That contains water sodium bicarbonate protein enzymes needed for protein digestion and pancreatic enzymes needed for carbohydrates, fats and DNA and RNA

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41
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW ;

Pancreas: When is Cholecystokinin released?

A

Cholecystokinin Is released from the jejunum and duodenum when gastric juice, long fatty chains and certain amino acids are present

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42
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW

Small intestine: What is it involved in?

A

Protein, carbohydrate, and fat digestion and absorption

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43
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW

Small intestine: How is the small intestine divided?

A

The small intestines is divided into 3 components;

the duodenum,

the jejunum

and the ilium .

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44
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

What happens to the chyme when is leaves the stomach?

A

Chyme leaves the stomach via the pyloric canal and connected to one of them to the 1st and shortest segments of the small intestine

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45
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

Small intestine: How long is the longest part of the small intestine?

A

Also longest portion of the small intestine is 12 feet

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46
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW :

Small intestine: WHAT THE HECK

A

pancreative enzymes and bile pass through the bile duct and the party at the pancreatic duct and are released into the duodenum

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47
Q

Anatomy of the Small and Large Intestine:

Where does semi liquid chyme go when it leaves the small intestine?

A

semi liquid chyme leaves a small intestines and enters the last segment of digestion the large intestines

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48
Q

Where is most absorption done in the small intestine?

A

most absorption is done in the small intestines

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49
Q

Anatomy of the Small and Large Intestine

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

the function of the large intestines is fluid and electrolyte reabsorption and elimination

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50
Q

Anatomy of the Small and Large Intestine

What area of the large intestine is chyme received?

A

The cecum is a pouch like area and it receives a semi liquid chyme from the small intestines

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51
Q

Anatomy of the Small and Large Intestine

Where does the transformation of waste occur? What is the transformation?

A

the transformation of waste from semi liquid state to form stool occurs in the colon

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52
Q

Anatomy of the Small and Large Intestine

How is the colon divided?

A

the colon is divided into 4 sections ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid.

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53
Q

Anatomy of the Small and Large Intestine

Where does the ascending colon begin?

A

the ascending: begins in the right lower quadrant

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54
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

Large Intestine- Cecum: What does the cecum receive?

A

Cecum receives the semiliquid chyme from the small intestine

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55
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

Large Intestine- Cecum: What is reabsorbed? What does this lead to?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, and K; sodium; and water are reabsorbed, creating semiformed stool

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56
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

Large Intestine- Colon: What happens in the colon?

A

Transformation of waste from a semiliquid state to formed feces

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57
Q

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW:

Large Intestine- Anal Canal: What is the anal canal made up of?

A

Internal and external anal sphincters to regulate the passage of feces

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58
Q

ASSESSMENT:

History: What are you collecting?

A

Conduct a culturally sensitive and relevant interview while avoiding stereotyping

Routine physical or a problem-focused examination

Collect medical, surgical, family, and social history

Pertinent questions

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59
Q

ASSESSMENT:

History: What are the pertinent questions you are asking?

A

Appetite, food intake, weight changes, loss of appetite, and changes in bowel patterns

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60
Q

Physical examination
What is the order of technique?

A

Inspection
Auscultation
Percussion
Palpation

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61
Q

What are the normal palpable structures?

A

Normal liver edge

Right Kidney lower pole

Cecum ascending colon

Aorta

Rectus muscles lateral borders

Sigmoid colon

Full bladder

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62
Q

DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES include:

A

Laboratory studies

Imaging studies

Ultrasonography

Barium studies

Endoscopy

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63
Q

DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES include:

Laboratory studies

A

Assessment of gastrointestinal function includes various types of serum, urine, and stool analyses

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64
Q

DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES include:

Imaging studies

A

X-ray of the abdomen

Presence of air in the abdomen is consistent with an obstruction

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65
Q

DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES include:

Ultrasonography

A

Sound waves are transmitted to a particular organ

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66
Q

DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES include:

Ultrasonography: What does it detect?

A

Detects any size and structural abnormalities of the underlying abdominal cavity organs and vessels

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67
Q

DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES include:

Barium studies:

A

Series of x-rays to examine the GI tract

Diagnostic or therapeutic

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68
Q

DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES include:

Barium studies: what does the patient do?

A

Patients drink barium, a radiographic opaque liquid

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69
Q

DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES: Endoscopy- how does it work?

A

Fiber-optic scope is used to visualize the GI tract

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70
Q

DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES: Endoscopy- What are the three purposes of this procedure?

A

3 purposes are diagnostic, curative, or palliative

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71
Q

DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES: What are age related changes with GI?

A

Large functional reserve capacity

Aging has minimal effects on GI function

Constipation

Heartburn

Tooth loss

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72
Q

Oral and Esophageal Disorders:

What part of the GI tract is the oral cavity and esophagus part of?

A

Oral cavity and esophagus are part of the upper GI tract

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73
Q

Oral and Esophageal Disorders:

What are the oral cavity and esophagus vulnerable to?

A

Injury, infection, trauma, and cancer

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74
Q

Oral and Esophageal Disorders:

How are many cancers preventable?

A

Many cancers are preventable by eliminating risk factors

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75
Q

Oral and Esophageal Disorders

Stomatitis- Epidemiology

What is it?

A

Inflammatory condition affecting the oral mucosa, dentition, and periosteum

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76
Q

Oral and Esophageal Disorders

Stomatitis- Epidemiology

What kind of population does it occur in?

A

Occurs in 40% of patients receiving chemotherapy

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77
Q

Oral and Esophageal Disorders

Stomatitis
Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations

What is it also known as?

A

Also known as oral mucositis

78
Q

Oral and Esophageal Disorders

Stomatitis
Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations

A

Painful inflammation/ulceration of the lining of the mouth

79
Q

ORAL AND ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES

Hiatal hernia- Epidemiology

What happens with age?

A

Increases with age as supportive structures weaken over time

80
Q

ORAL AND ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES

Hiatal hernia- Epidemiology

What group of people are mostly effected (as in what percent)?

A

60% of those affected are 50 or older

81
Q

ORAL AND ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES

Hiatal hernia

Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations

A

Portion of the stomach protrudes upward through the LES and into the esophagus

82
Q

ORAL AND ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES

Hiatal hernia

Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations
What are the types of hiatal hernias?

A

Type 1 and type 2

83
Q

ORAL AND ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES

Hiatal hernia
Management: What tests are done?

A

Upper abdominal x-ray

Endoscopy

Barium swallow with fluoroscopy

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD

Medications for symptoms of heartburn and acid reflux

Surgery

84
Q

ORAL AND ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES:

Gastroesophageal reflux disease: What is it caused by?

A

Caused by acid reflux from stomach into esophagus

85
Q

ORAL AND ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES:

Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Epidemiology
Where is it prevalent? What percent of people are affected?

A

Highly prevalent disorder in Western countries

10% to 20% affected

86
Q

ORAL AND ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES:

Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Epidemiology

What bacteria is involved? What does it do?

A

H pylori has been found to decrease gastric acid secretion

87
Q

ORAL AND ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations: How does it result?

A

Results when there is retrograde flow of GI contents into esophagus

88
Q

ORAL AND ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations: Results when there is retrograde flow of GI contents into esophagus

What does this cause?

A

Resulting in inflammation

89
Q

ORAL AND ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES:

Management

A

pH monitoring and recording

Esophageal manometry or motility testing

90
Q

ORAL AND ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES

Gastroesophageal reflux disease Endoscopic treatments include:

A

Stretta procedure involves the use of radiofrequency energy through an endoscope by using needles positioned near the GEJ

91
Q

ORAL AND ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES

Gastroesophageal reflux disease Endoscopic treatments include: Surgical management

What kind of patients may require surgery?

A

Small number of patients with GERD require surgery

92
Q

3% of all cancers are what?

A

3% of all cancers are oral cancers

93
Q

ORAL CANCER

Epidemiology: How many new cases a year? How many deaths?

A

30,000 new cases and 4,800 deaths per year

94
Q

ORAL CANCER

Epidemiology: Who is affected more? By how much?

A

Men are affected 2-4 times more than women?

95
Q

ORAL CANCER

Epidemiology: What tends to grow fast?

A

Squamous cell carcinomas tend to grow rapidly and metastasize

96
Q

ORAL CANCER

Epidemiology: What tends to grow slow?

A

Basal cell carcinomas tend to grow slowly and become invasive over time

97
Q

ORAL CANCER:
Pathophysiology:

A

Premalignant lesions

98
Q

ORAL CANCER:
Pathophysiology: Premalignant lesions include:

A

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

99
Q

ORAL CANCER:

Clinical manifestations: What do early symptoms affect?

A

Early symptoms affect the floor of the mouth or tongue

Asymptomatic in the early stages

100
Q

ORAL CANCER:

What is management?

A

Radiation therapy

Medications

101
Q

ORAL CANCER:

What are complications?

A

Infiltration to muscles and underlying tissue, resulting in difficulty eating or talking

102
Q

ORAL CANCER:

Surgical management

A

Treatment of small noninvasive lesions under local or general anesthesia

103
Q

ORAL TRAUMA

Epidemiology

A

Injury to specific bones of the face, including nasal, mandibular, and maxillary fractures

Soft tissue injuries in and around the mouth

104
Q

ORAL TRAUMA

Pathophysiology: What is oral trauma patho related to?

A

Related to location and severity of injury

105
Q

ORAL TRAUMA

Pathophysiology: Direct damage to oral cavity can lead to what?

A

Direct damage to the oral cavity that can lead to partial or complete airway occlusion

106
Q

ORAL TRAUMA:

Pathophysiology: Direct damage to the oral cavity that can lead to partial or complete airway occlusion include:

A

Le Fort I, II, III

107
Q

ORAL TRAUMA:

Management: What is there an increased risk for? What does this mean?

A

Increased risk for infection, therefore, broad-spectrum antibiotics are ordered

107
Q

ORAL TRAUMA:

Clinical manifestations

A

Increased respiratory rate, stridor, shortness of breath, decreased oxygen saturation, hypercarbia, elevated heart rate, and changes in level of consciousness

Oral bleeding, swelling, edema, loss of teeth, and pain

108
Q

ORAL TRAUMA:

Management: What is it directed at?

A

Directed at establishing and maintaining the airway and controlling bleeding

109
Q

ESOPHAGEAL CANCER

What are the two types?

A
  1. Squamous cell carcinomas
  2. adenocarcinomas
110
Q

ESOPHAGEAL CANCER:

Less than 1% include what?

A

Less than 1% include small cell neuroendocrine cancers, lymphomas, and sarcomas

111
Q

ESOPHAGEAL CANCER

Pathophysiology: What are the upper and lower esophagus?

A

Upper 2/3 of esophagus are squamous cell carcinomas

Lower 1/3 of esophagus are esophageal adenocarcinoma

112
Q

ESOPHAGEAL CANCER:

Clinical manifestations

A

Progressive dysphagia is the most common symptom

113
Q

ESOPHAGEAL CANCER

Management and diagnostic tests

A

Barium swallow, CT, PET, endoscopic ultrasonography, thoracoscopy and laparoscopy

114
Q

ESOPHAGEAL CANCER:

What kind of complementary and alternative medicine is used to relieve pain?

A

Yoga, meditation, spirituality, and religion are used to relieve pain

115
Q

ESOPHAGEAL CANCER:

Complications?

A

Risks related to treatment in addition to risks associated with advanced disease

116
Q

ESOPHAGEAL CANCER:

Surgical management: What are surgeries for?

A

Palliative surgical interventions to restore patients’ ability to swallow and to maintain optimal nutrition

117
Q

ESOPHAGEAL CANCER:

Esophagectomy: What occurs during it?

A

A portion of the cancer and nearby tissue in the esophagus is removed.

The esophagus is joined to the stomach.

118
Q

ESOPHAGEAL TRAUMA:

Pathophysiology: What is it related to?

A

Related to the cause of trauma

119
Q

ESOPHAGEAL TRAUMA:

What is management?

A

Control of bleeding,

wound management and drainage,

prevention of infection, and

providing nutrition

120
Q

ESOPHAGEAL TRAUMA:

Diagnostic tests include:

A

Chest x-ray, chest CT, contrast esophagography

121
Q

ESOPHAGEAL TRAUMA:

Surgical management includes

A

Control bleeding,

remove damaged tissue,

repair wounds,

resect part of the esophagus

Replace the esophagus with a bowel segment

122
Q

Stomach Disorders

What are the most common stomach disorders?

A

Gastritis

Peptic ulcer disease(PUD)

Gastric cancer

123
Q

Stomach Disorders

Most common disorders:

A

Gastritis

Peptic ulcer disease(PUD)

Gastric cancer

124
Q

GASTRITIS

What are the types of gastritis

A

Acute gastritis,

chronic gastritis

atrophic gastritis

125
Q

GASTRITIS:

What is acute gastritis?

A

Chronic ingestion of irritating foods and alcohol

126
Q

GASTRITIS:

What is acute gastritis a complication of?

A

Complication of acute illnesses such as traumatic injuries; burns; severe infection; hepatic, renal, or respiratory failure; or major surgery

127
Q

GASTRITIS:

Pathophysiology: What is the most common cause?

A

Most common cause is Helicobacter pylori

128
Q

GASTRITIS:

Pathophysiology: What are other common causes?

A

Other causes of gastritis include alcohol, NSAIDs, Crohn’s disease, tuberculosis, and bile reflux

129
Q

GASTRITIS:

Pathophysiology: Causes of chronic gastritis and prolonged inflammation of the stomach include:

A

Chronic local irritation or by the bacterium H pylori

130
Q

GASTRITIS:

Pathophysiology: What is it associated with?

A

Associated with presence of antibodies to parietal cells and intrinsic factor

131
Q

GASTRITIS

Clinical manifestations include:

A

Epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting, weight loss, decreased appetite, and stool color changes

132
Q

GASTRITIS

Clinical Manifestations: What may exacerbate pain?

A

Pain may be exacerbated with spicy food ingestion

133
Q

GASTRITIS

Management: What does gross endoscopic diagnosis indicate?

A

Gross endoscopic diagnosis correlates poorly with histological findings

134
Q

GASTRITIS:

Surgical management: What rare cases may surgical intervention be needed?

A

In the rare patient requiring surgical intervention for severe hemorrhagic gastritis

135
Q

GASTRITIS:

Patient requiring surgical intervention for severe hemorrhagic gastritis may have what kind of surgery?

A

Vagotomy

Partial or total gastrectomy

Pyloroplasty

136
Q

PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE:

What are the types of peptic ulcers?

A

Duodenal ulcers and gastric ulcers

137
Q

PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE

Pathophysiology: Where does PUD occur? Why?

A

Occur in gastroduodenal mucosa as this tissue cannot withstand digestive action of gastric acid and pepsin

138
Q

PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE

Clinical manifestations: What do signs and symptoms?

A

Signs and symptoms depend on ulcer location and patient age

139
Q

PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE

Clinical manifestations: What is the most common symptom?

A

Pain is the most common symptom

140
Q

PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE

Management: When is it diagnosed?

A

Diagnosed during upper endoscopy, laboratory and radiological tests

141
Q

PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE

Medications: What are they for?

A

Pain relief, ulcer healing, prevent recurrence, and reduction of complications

141
Q

PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE

Management: What is the preferred procedure?

A

Upper GI endoscopy is the preferred procedure

142
Q

PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE:

Medications: What does it suppress?

A

Acid suppression in both duodenal and gastric ulcers and in preventing recurrence

143
Q

PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE:

Medications: Treatment for H.pylori

A

Therapy in H pylori‒positive patients is eradicating infection and healing the ulcer

144
Q

PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE:

What are complications?

A

Perforation and penetration into attached structures, and obstruction

145
Q

PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE:

Surgical management: What is it only required for?

A

Only required with nonhealing and bleeding ulcers

146
Q

PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE:

What do minimally invasive procedures allow for?

A

Minimally invasive procedures allow ulcers to be removed or bleeding controlled

147
Q

PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE

Surgical management: What do most people have?

A

Most have oversewing of a bleeding ulcer, or patch of a perforated ulcer, or distal gastrectomy

148
Q

PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE

Surgical management: What do most operations include?

A

Major operations include bilateral vagotomy, pyloroplasty, and gastrectomy

149
Q

GASTRIC CANCER

Epidemiology: What groups of people is it most common in?

A

More common in lower socioeconomic groups

Affects males 2x’s more often than females

Causes are unknown

150
Q

GASTRIC CANCER

Pathophysiology:

A

Malignant epithelial tumor that infiltrates the mucus-producing cells of the stomach

151
Q

GASTRIC CANCER

Pathophysiology: Where is this cancer typically found?

A

Most frequently found in the distal portion

152
Q

GASTRIC CANCER:

Clinical manifestations: When do symptoms appear?

A

Often are asymptomatic until late in their course

153
Q

GASTRIC CANCER

Clinical manifestations

A

Indigestion, anorexia, weight loss, vague epigastric pain, vomiting, and an abdominal mass

154
Q

GASTRIC CANCER

Management: How is diagnosis made?

A

Diagnosis by a variety of techniques

Barium x-ray studies, endoscopic studies with biopsy, and cytological studies of gastric secretions
155
Q

GASTRIC CANCER

Surgical management: What is the universal precursor to gastric adenocarcinoma?

A

Gastric dysplasia is the universal precursor to gastric adenocarcinoma

156
Q

GASTRIC CANCER

Surgical management: When would gastric resection be considered?

A

In severe dysplasia gastric resection is considered

157
Q

GASTRIC CANCER

Surgical management: What is treatment in early stages?

A

In early stages, laparoscopic surgery plus adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation

158
Q

GASTRIC CANCER

What are complications of Gastric Cancer?

A

Dumping syndrome

159
Q

Dumping Syndrome:

What should be done about this?

A

Eat six to eight small meals daily to avoid eating too much at a time.

160
Q

Dumping Syndrome:

How should diet be to avoid this?

A

Have a protein food with each meal and snack such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, cheese, yogurt, nuts, tofu or peanut butter.

161
Q

Dumping Syndrome:

What should NOT be done if you have this?

A

Do not drink liquids with meals.

162
Q

Intestinal Disorders:

What is the intestinal system made up of?

A

Intestinal system composed of small and large intestines

163
Q

Intestinal Disorders:

What are the main functions of the intestines?

A

Main functions are digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste products

164
Q

Intestinal Disorders :

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

Small intestine’s function is digestion and absorption of nutrients

165
Q

Intestinal Disorders:

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Large intestine’s function is absorption of water

166
Q

Intestinal Disorders:

What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

167
Q

Intestinal Disorders:

The 3 sections of the small intestine: Duodenum

A

Approximately 10 in. (25 cm) long

168
Q

Intestinal Disorders:

The 3 sections of the small intestine: Jejunum

A

Approximately 8 ft (2.5 m)

169
Q

Intestinal Disorders:

The 3 sections of the small intestine: Ileum

A

Approximately 12 ft (3.5 m)

170
Q

Large Intestine:

What are the three sections of the large intestine?

A

Cecum

Colon

Rectum

171
Q

Large Intestine:

Cecum: How long is it?

A

Approximately 2 to 3 in.

172
Q

Large Intestine:

Rectum: How long is it?

A

Approximately 7 to 8 in. extending to the anus

173
Q

INTESTINAL DISORDERS:

Hernias- Epidemiology:

A

Protrusion of abdominal contents through area of weakened muscle in the abdominal cavity

174
Q

INTESTINAL DISORDERS
Hernias
Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations: Where can manifestations occur?

A

May occur anywhere in the body

175
Q

INTESTINAL DISORDERS
Hernias
Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations: Where do manifestations frequently occur?

A

Frequently occurs in abdominal cavity with intestines protruding through an abnormal opening

176
Q

INTESTINAL DISORDERS
Hernias
Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations: How are they viewed?

A

Reducible or irreducible

176
Q

INTESTINAL DISORDERS:
Hernias
Types of hernias: What are they?

A

Inguinal

Femoral

Umbilical

Ventral or incisional

177
Q

INTESTINAL DISORDERS
Hernias
Inguinal hernia: What are the types?

A

Indirect iguinal hernia

Direct iguinal hernia

178
Q

INTESTINAL DISORDERS:

Hernias: What is the most common treatment for this?

A

Most common treatment of hernias is surgery

179
Q

INTESTINAL DISORDERS:

Hernias: What are the surgeries done for hernias?

A

Herniorrhaphy

Hernioplasty

180
Q

INTESTINAL DISORDERS:

Hernias: What are complications of them? (What can happen to the intestines)

A

Strangulation of the intestine

Intestinal obstruction and/or necrosis of bowel tissue

181
Q

INTESTINAL DISORDERS:

Hemorrhoids: Epidemiology- what is it?

A

Swollen or dilated veins in the anorectal area

182
Q

INTESTINAL DISORDERS:

Hemorrhoids: Epidemiology- How common is it? Who does it effect?

A

Common disorder that affects both men and women

183
Q

INTESTINAL DISORDERS

Hemorrhoids
Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations (Where are they and how may they become?)

A

Hemorrhoids are internal or external

May become thrombosed, or clotted

Standard grading system

184
Q

INTESTINAL DISORDERS

Hemorrhoids
Management; What is treatment? What does it involve?

A

Conservative and involves relief of pain and symptoms

Cold packs and sitz baths 3-4 x’s/day reduce some swelling and pain

185
Q

INTESTINAL DISORDERS:

Hemorrhoids
Surgical management

A

Rubber-band ligation, bipolar, infrared, and laser coagulation, sclerotherapy, cryosurgery, and hemorrhoidectomy

186
Q

INTESTINAL DISORDERS
Irritable bowel syndrome
Epidemiology: What are the three types of IBS?

A

3 types of IBS
IBS-C, IBS-D, and IBS-M

187
Q

INTESTINAL DISORDERS
Irritable bowel syndrome

Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations: What is the cause?

A

Exact cause is unknown but there are possible theories

Medsurg (21 decks)

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