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IMMUNE DISORDER Flashcards

Exam 2

1
Q

Innate and adaptive immune responses provide 3 lines of defense against unwanted antigens
What are they?

A
  1. Innate (natural) immunity
  2. Inflammatory response
  3. Acquired (adaptive) immunity
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2
Q

What is included in the inflammatory response?

A

Interferon (IFN)
Complement
Phagocytosis

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3
Q

IMMUNE FUNCTION PHYSIOLOGY:

Innate immune response (1st line defense)

A

Physical and mechanical barriers
Biochemical barriers

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4
Q

IMMUNE FUNCTION PHYSIOLOGY:

Inflammatory response (2nd line defense)

A

Acute cellular injury

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5
Q

Active Immunity

A

Antibodies or T-Cells produced after natural exposure (illness) or vaccination

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6
Q

IMMUNE FUNCTION PHYSIOLOGY:
Adaptive Immunity (3rd line of defense)

Two types of immunity

A
  1. Active Immunity
  2. Passive Immunity
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7
Q

IMMUNE FUNCTION PHYSIOLOGY

Initiation of the inflammatory response
includes;

A

Vasodilation with increased capillary permeability

Increases blood flow and leukocyte movement

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8
Q

IMMUNE FUNCTION PHYSIOLOGY:
Adaptive Immunity (3rd line of defense)
includes what?

A

Cellular response (T-Lymphocytes)
Humoral response (B-Lymphocytes)

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9
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Preformed T Lymphocytes or antibodies are transferred from one individual to another (e.g. newborn from mother)

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10
Q

Components of the Immune System include:

A

Lymphatic System

Primary Lymphoid Organs

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Cells & Proteins

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11
Q

What is included in the lymphatic system

A

Lymphatic vessels and collecting ducts

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12
Q

Primary Lymphoid Organs

A

Bone Marrow
Thymus

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13
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

A

Spleen
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Adenoids
Peyer’s patches

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14
Q

ASSESSMENT OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM includes:

A

History
Physical examination
Inspection
Auscultation
Palpation and percussion

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15
Q

Diagnostic studies to evaluate state of an individual’s immune competence?

A

Blood tests
Skin tests
Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy
Radiological imaging

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16
Q

Immune deficiencies- 2 types

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
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17
Q

AGE-RELATED CHANGES-The aging immune system

A

Decreased immunological function; less efficient immune responses

Increased production of autoantibodies

Decline in immune response; malignant cells not destroyed as quickly

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18
Q

Decreased immunological function; less efficient immune responses
leads to what?

A

Increased infections especially secondary infections

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19
Q

Increased production of autoantibodies

A

Increased autoimmune disorders

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20
Q

Decline in immune response; malignant cells not destroyed as quickly

A

Increased cancer incidence

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21
Q

What is the most common form of arthritis

A

OSTEOARTHRITIS

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22
Q

Osteoarthritis- affects how many people

A

Affecting almost 27 million people

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23
Q

What is the leading cause of chronic disability?

A

OSTEOARTHRITIS

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24
Q

OSTEOARTHRITIS- pathophysiology

A

Affects joint as a whole

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25
OSTEOARTHRITIS- affects what kind of joints?
Usually affect weight bearing joints, knees, hips joints, hand, shoulders
26
OSTEOARTHRITIS- who is most at risk?
Risk- anyone over 50; usually females more; individuals obese; any occupation that causes repetitive movements (occupational hazards)
27
OSTEOARTHRITIS : What are symptoms?
the joints will be very tender might be swelling decreased range of motion might be a deformity present
28
OSTEOARTHRITIS : Management Diagnosis
Laboratory testing not necessary to confirm diagnosis Radiographical evidence
29
OSTEOARTHRITIS: What would lab testing be used for?
To rule out other forms of arthritis
30
OSTEOARTHRITIS : Management Treatment
Pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapies
31
Osteoarthritis: Before giving medications, what must be done?
You must check liver and kidney function
32
Osteoarthritis: What are the pharmacological drugs used?
Pain medication Glucocorticoids Steriods
33
Osteoarthritis: What are the nonpharmacological drugs used?
physical activity rest weight loss walker/cane aerobic activity
34
OSTEOARTHRITIS : Management Complications
Chronic pain, less function, and toxic effects of medications
35
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS Epidemiology- affects what percent of the population?
Affects approximately 1% of the population
36
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS Epidemiology-how does it affect women compared to men?
Affects females 2.5 times more than males
37
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS Epidemiology-What group of people is it prevalent in?
Prevalent in Pima and Chippewa Indians
38
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: Pathophysiology?
Chronic, systemic, autoimmune inflammatory disease
39
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: Management Diagnosis?
Combining signs, symptoms, laboratory values, and radiographs or ultrasound Radiographs are used to assess for bony erosions and joint space narrowing
40
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: Management Treatment
Pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapy
41
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS- COmmon joint deformities
Swan-neck deformity Boutonnière deformity Ulnar deviation
42
What is the most common RA joint deformity?
Swan-neck deformity
43
SCLERODERMA- How many cases a year?
9 to 19 cases/million per year
44
SCLERODERMA- what is the age of onset?
Age of onset is 30 to 50 years
45
SCLERODERMA- who does it affect more women or men? What race?
Women exceed men 3 to 5:1 Affects all races, but African Americans at a higher rate than Caucasians
46
SCLERODERMA: Pathophysiology
Exact etiology is unknown
47
SCLERODERMA: Management Diagnosis
Presence of clinical manifestations and serum antibodies
48
SCLERODERMA: Clinical Manifestations include:
Patchy or thickening skin Itching and pulmonary involvement (nonproductive cough or pulm fibrosis) increases risk of lung cancer Heart burn, bloating, constipation and diarrhea
49
SCLERODERMA: Clinical Manifestations: itching and pulm. involvement or pulmonary fibrosis increases the risk of what?
Itching and pulmonary involvement (nonproductive cough or pulm fibrosis) increases risk of lung cancer
50
Scleroderma: What kind of assessment should always be done?
A pulmonary assessment Lung capacity and compliance
51
SCLERODERMA: Management Treatment
No single treatment Systemic steroids
52
SCLERODERMA: Management Complications
Infection, renal and heart failure, pulmonary fibrosis, and death
53
LUPUS- Epidemiology Affects how many people?
Affects fewer than 25 people per 100,000 in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia
54
LUPUS- Epidemiology Who does it affect more women or men?
Female to male ratio is 3:1
55
LUPUS-Pathophysiology
Chronic inflammatory disease affecting organ systems Unknown etiology
56
LUPUS Management- Diagnosis
4 of 11 criteria must present Presence of ANAs does not confirm diagnosis
57
LUPUS Management-Treatment
Avoid prolonged sun exposure Well-balanced diet Antimalarial medications
58
Gout Epidemiology: How many people does it affect in the US?
Affects approximately 2% of people in U.S.
59
Gout Epidemiology: What men and women does it affect?
Men aged 40 to 60 years Women aged 55 to 70 years
60
Gout pathophysiology What gets deposited into the bone?
Monosodium urate crystals deposited in joints, bone, and soft tissues with inflammation
61
Gout pathophysiology What must be present prior to gout?
Hyperuricemia must be present prior evolution of gout
62
What are the three phases to gout?
1. Acute gout 2. Intercritical gout 3. chronic tophaceous gout
63
Management of gout:
Splinting Medication depends upon the stage
64
Complications of gout:
Tophi
65
What can be a direct complication of gout?
Kidney stones
66
Fibromyalgia- Epidemiology How many people does it effect in the US? Who is it a greater prevalence in?
Affects approximately 4% of the U.S. Greater prevalence in women
67
What is the most common cause of chronic musculoskeletal pain in women between ages of 20 and 55
Fibromyalgia
68
Fibromyalgia: Pathophysiology
Etiology and pathophysiology are unclear
69
Fibromyalgia: clinical manifestations
Widespread pain Insomnia, fatigue, stiffness, and cognitive dysfunction
70
Fibromyalgia: Management Diagnosis
History and physical assessment Experience pain at 11 or more of 18 specified locations
70
71
Treatment for Fibromyalgia
Nonpharmacological therapy Pharmacological therapy
72
How many pain sites are there?
18 pain sites

Medsurg (21 decks)

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