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Medsurg > IMMUNE DISORDER > Flashcards

IMMUNE DISORDER Flashcards

Exam 2

1
Q

Innate and adaptive immune responses provide 3 lines of defense against unwanted antigens
What are they?

A
  1. Innate (natural) immunity
  2. Inflammatory response
  3. Acquired (adaptive) immunity
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2
Q

What is included in the inflammatory response?

A

Interferon (IFN)
Complement
Phagocytosis

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3
Q

IMMUNE FUNCTION PHYSIOLOGY:

Innate immune response (1st line defense)

A

Physical and mechanical barriers
Biochemical barriers

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4
Q

IMMUNE FUNCTION PHYSIOLOGY:

Inflammatory response (2nd line defense)

A

Acute cellular injury

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5
Q

Active Immunity

A

Antibodies or T-Cells produced after natural exposure (illness) or vaccination

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6
Q

IMMUNE FUNCTION PHYSIOLOGY:
Adaptive Immunity (3rd line of defense)

Two types of immunity

A
  1. Active Immunity
  2. Passive Immunity
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7
Q

IMMUNE FUNCTION PHYSIOLOGY

Initiation of the inflammatory response
includes;

A

Vasodilation with increased capillary permeability

Increases blood flow and leukocyte movement

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8
Q

IMMUNE FUNCTION PHYSIOLOGY:
Adaptive Immunity (3rd line of defense)
includes what?

A

Cellular response (T-Lymphocytes)
Humoral response (B-Lymphocytes)

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9
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Preformed T Lymphocytes or antibodies are transferred from one individual to another (e.g. newborn from mother)

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10
Q

Components of the Immune System include:

A

Lymphatic System

Primary Lymphoid Organs

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Cells & Proteins

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11
Q

What is included in the lymphatic system

A

Lymphatic vessels and collecting ducts

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12
Q

Primary Lymphoid Organs

A

Bone Marrow
Thymus

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13
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

A

Spleen
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Adenoids
Peyer’s patches

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14
Q

ASSESSMENT OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM includes:

A

History
Physical examination
Inspection
Auscultation
Palpation and percussion

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15
Q

Diagnostic studies to evaluate state of an individual’s immune competence?

A

Blood tests
Skin tests
Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy
Radiological imaging

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16
Q

Immune deficiencies- 2 types

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
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17
Q

AGE-RELATED CHANGES-The aging immune system

A

Decreased immunological function; less efficient immune responses

Increased production of autoantibodies

Decline in immune response; malignant cells not destroyed as quickly

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18
Q

Decreased immunological function; less efficient immune responses
leads to what?

A

Increased infections especially secondary infections

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19
Q

Increased production of autoantibodies

A

Increased autoimmune disorders

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20
Q

Decline in immune response; malignant cells not destroyed as quickly

A

Increased cancer incidence

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21
Q

What is the most common form of arthritis

A

OSTEOARTHRITIS

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22
Q

Osteoarthritis- affects how many people

A

Affecting almost 27 million people

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23
Q

What is the leading cause of chronic disability?

A

OSTEOARTHRITIS

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24
Q

OSTEOARTHRITIS- pathophysiology

A

Affects joint as a whole

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25
Q

OSTEOARTHRITIS- affects what kind of joints?

A

Usually affect weight bearing joints, knees, hips joints, hand, shoulders

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26
Q

OSTEOARTHRITIS- who is most at risk?

A

Risk- anyone over 50;
usually females more;
individuals obese;
any occupation that causes repetitive movements (occupational hazards)

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27
Q

OSTEOARTHRITIS : What are symptoms?

A

the joints will be very tender

might be swelling

decreased range of motion

might be a deformity present

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28
Q

OSTEOARTHRITIS : Management
Diagnosis

A

Laboratory testing not necessary to confirm diagnosis
Radiographical evidence

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29
Q

OSTEOARTHRITIS: What would lab testing be used for?

A

To rule out other forms of arthritis

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30
Q

OSTEOARTHRITIS : Management
Treatment

A

Pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapies

31
Q

Osteoarthritis:

Before giving medications, what must be done?

A

You must check liver and kidney function

32
Q

Osteoarthritis:

What are the pharmacological drugs used?

A

Pain medication

Glucocorticoids

Steriods

33
Q

Osteoarthritis:

What are the nonpharmacological drugs used?

A

physical activity

rest

weight loss

walker/cane

aerobic activity

34
Q

OSTEOARTHRITIS : Management
Complications

A

Chronic pain, less function, and toxic effects of medications

35
Q

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Epidemiology- affects what percent of the population?

A

Affects approximately 1% of the population

36
Q

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Epidemiology-how does it affect women compared to men?

A

Affects females 2.5 times more than males

37
Q

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Epidemiology-What group of people is it prevalent in?

A

Prevalent in Pima and Chippewa Indians

38
Q

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: Pathophysiology?

A

Chronic, systemic, autoimmune inflammatory disease

39
Q

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: Management
Diagnosis?

A

Combining signs, symptoms, laboratory values, and radiographs or ultrasound

Radiographs are used to assess for bony erosions and joint space narrowing

40
Q

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: Management
Treatment

A

Pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapy

41
Q

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS- COmmon joint deformities

A

Swan-neck deformity
Boutonnière deformity
Ulnar deviation

42
Q

What is the most common RA joint deformity?

A

Swan-neck deformity

43
Q

SCLERODERMA- How many cases a year?

A

9 to 19 cases/million per year

44
Q

SCLERODERMA- what is the age of onset?

A

Age of onset is 30 to 50 years

45
Q

SCLERODERMA- who does it affect more women or men? What race?

A

Women exceed men 3 to 5:1

Affects all races, but African Americans at a higher rate than Caucasians

46
Q

SCLERODERMA: Pathophysiology

A

Exact etiology is unknown

47
Q

SCLERODERMA: Management

Diagnosis

A

Presence of clinical manifestations and serum antibodies

48
Q

SCLERODERMA:

Clinical Manifestations include:

A

Patchy or thickening skin

Itching and pulmonary involvement (nonproductive cough or pulm fibrosis)

increases risk of lung cancer

Heart burn, bloating, constipation and diarrhea

49
Q

SCLERODERMA:

Clinical Manifestations: itching and pulm. involvement or pulmonary fibrosis increases the risk of what?

A

Itching and pulmonary involvement (nonproductive cough or pulm fibrosis)

increases risk of lung cancer

50
Q

Scleroderma: What kind of assessment should always be done?

A

A pulmonary assessment

Lung capacity and compliance

51
Q

SCLERODERMA: Management

Treatment

A

No single treatment
Systemic steroids

52
Q

SCLERODERMA: Management

Complications

A

Infection, renal and heart failure, pulmonary fibrosis, and death

53
Q

LUPUS- Epidemiology

Affects how many people?

A

Affects fewer than 25 people per 100,000 in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia

54
Q

LUPUS- Epidemiology
Who does it affect more women or men?

A

Female to male ratio is 3:1

55
Q

LUPUS-Pathophysiology

A

Chronic inflammatory disease affecting organ systems

Unknown etiology

56
Q

LUPUS

Management- Diagnosis

A

4 of 11 criteria must present

Presence of ANAs does not confirm diagnosis

57
Q

LUPUS

Management-Treatment

A

Avoid prolonged sun exposure
Well-balanced diet
Antimalarial medications

58
Q

Gout Epidemiology: How many people does it affect in the US?

A

Affects approximately 2% of people in U.S.

59
Q

Gout Epidemiology: What men and women does it affect?

A

Men aged 40 to 60 years
Women aged 55 to 70 years

60
Q

Gout pathophysiology

What gets deposited into the bone?

A

Monosodium urate crystals deposited in joints, bone, and soft tissues with inflammation

61
Q

Gout pathophysiology

What must be present prior to gout?

A

Hyperuricemia must be present prior evolution of gout

62
Q

What are the three phases to gout?

A
  1. Acute gout
  2. Intercritical gout
  3. chronic tophaceous gout
63
Q

Management of gout:

A

Splinting
Medication depends upon the stage

64
Q

Complications of gout:

A

Tophi

65
Q

What can be a direct complication of gout?

A

Kidney stones

66
Q

Fibromyalgia- Epidemiology

How many people does it effect in the US?
Who is it a greater prevalence in?

A

Affects approximately 4% of the U.S.
Greater prevalence in women

67
Q

What is the most common cause of chronic musculoskeletal pain in women between ages of 20 and 55

A

Fibromyalgia

68
Q

Fibromyalgia: Pathophysiology

A

Etiology and pathophysiology are unclear

69
Q

Fibromyalgia: clinical manifestations

A

Widespread pain
Insomnia, fatigue, stiffness, and cognitive dysfunction

70
Q

Fibromyalgia: Management

Diagnosis

A

History and physical assessment
Experience pain at 11 or more of 18 specified locations

70
Q
A
71
Q

Treatment for Fibromyalgia

A

Nonpharmacological therapy
Pharmacological therapy

72
Q

How many pain sites are there?

A

18 pain sites

Medsurg (21 decks)

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