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Med Nurs 1 Terms > Pain > Flashcards

Pain Flashcards

1
Q

Nociceptive pain

A
  • most common type of pain
  • physiologic (physical) pain
  • visceral or somatic
  • occurs when nociceptors are stimulated in response to trauma, inflammation, tissue damage, or surgery.
  • sharp, burning, aching, cramping, or stabbing
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2
Q

Visceral Pain

A
  • Originates from organs within the body.
  • Gradual in onset and tends to last longer than other types of pain.
  • Occurs from conditions such as chronic pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, bladder distention, and cancer.
  • Generally described as dull, cramping, or aching and lasts for a long duration.
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3
Q

Somatic Pain

A
  • Pain emanating from the skin, muscles, joints, and bones.
  • Occurs from conditions such as sunburn, lacerations, fractures, sprains, arthritis, and bone cancer.
  • Generally sharp, burning, stabbing, localized, and lasts for a short duration.
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4
Q

Radiating Pain

A
  • Extends from the source of pain (injury) to an adjacent area of the body.
  • Example: gastroesophageal reflux. Pain originates in the stomach and radiates up the esophagus
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5
Q

Neuropathic Pain

A
  • Originates from nerve injury.
  • Pain continues even after the painful stimuli is gone.
  • Sensations may include numbness, tingling, burning, aching, crushing, stabbing, or shooting.

Other associated conditions include:
Hyperalgesia (excessive sensitivity)
Hyperpathia (greatly exaggerated pain reaction to stimuli)
• Associated with tumors, infection, chemotherapy, diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular accident (such a stroke), viral infections, carpal tunnel syndrome, andphantom limb pain(brain continues to receive messages following amputation of a limb).

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6
Q

Referred Pain

A
  • Felt in a location of the body other than where it originated.
  • Originates in internal organs, but is often felt in other locations.
  • Example: pain from the pancreas is felt in the back, or pain from a heart attack is felt in the jaw or left arm.
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7
Q

Psychogenic Pain

A
  • Pain perceived by a person when there is no physical cause for pain.
  • Caused, increased, or prolonged by mental, emotional, or behavioral factors.
  • Sensations may include headache, back pain, stomach pain.
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8
Q

Acute Pain

A
  • Rapid onset.
  • Short duration (less than 6 months).
  • Subsides with healing of injury.
  • Associated with trauma, obstetrical labor, acute distress, or trauma.
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9
Q

Chronic Pain

A
  • Persistent pain.
  • Long duration (greater than 6 months).
  • May be episodic or continuous.
  • May lead to disability.
  • Associated with arthritis, fibromyalgia, and neuropathy.
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10
Q

Breakthrough pain

A
  • is an increase in pain when chronic pain already exists.
  • Breakthrough pain is associated with surgery, injury, or a fluctuation in pain from an existing condition, such as cancer.
  • Transient; moderate to severe
  • Occurs beyond treated pain
  • Usually rapid onset and brief duration with variable frequency and intensity
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11
Q

Dysesthesia

A

unpleasant, abnormal sensation

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12
Q

Allodynia

A

pain from non-injury stimuli

is a type of neuropathic pain (nerve pain). People with allodynia are extremely sensitive to touch. Things that don’t usually cause pain can be very painful. These may include cold temperatures, brushing hair or wearing a cotton t-shirt.

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13
Q

Hyperalgesia

A

is when you have extreme sensitivity to pain. If you have this condition, your body overreacts to painful stimuli, making you feel increased pain.

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14
Q

Hyperpathia

A

greatly exaggerated pain reaction to stimuli

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15
Q

Nociceptors

A
  • the free endings of afferent nerve fibers.
  • They are sensory neurons
  • sensitive to thermal, mechanical, and chemical stimuli.
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16
Q

Nociception

A

process by which pain, triggered by noxious stimuli, is conducted from the periphery to the central nervous system

17
Q

Pattern theory

A

physiological basis of pain,

Patterns of stimulation of nerve endings determined whether the brain interprets stimuli as pain

18
Q

Gate control theory of pain

A

thoughts and emotions influence an individual’s perception of pain.

A gating mechanism exists The interplay of signals at this gate determines whether painful stimuli are stopped or go on to the brain.
If the impulses are not transmitted to the brain, there is no perception of pain.

19
Q

Neuromatrix Theory

A

Contemporary pain theory proposing that pain is a multidimensional experience controlled by a body-self neuromatrix.

network of neurons that is unique and affected by that person’s physical, psychological, cognitive, and life experiences.

20
Q

Six Rights

A

Right patient, right drug, right dose, right route, right time, right documentation
Adherence helps prevent med errors

21
Q

Non-pharmacologic interventions

A

are those employed in conjunction with or in place of prescribed pharmacologic pain management strategies. These are usually independent nursing interventions and do not require a provider’s order.

22
Q

Yoga

A

Yoga uses slow stretching and deep breathing to bring the body into balance and the mind into focus on something other than pain.

Yoga is used to:
Build strength
Release muscle tension
Improve flexibility

23
Q

Biofeedback

A

Biofeedback is a technique used to take control over body responses to pain through:

Voluntary control over physiologic body activities, such as relieving muscle tension

24
Q

Hypnosis

A

Altering the state of consciousness to modify memory and perception of pain
Reducing cortical activation associated with painful stimuli

25
Q

Reiki

A

Using hand placement to correct or restore balance

Restoring communication between cells

26
Q

Chinese Medicine

A

Acupuncture:The insertion of fine needles into the skin at various depths, causing secretion of endorphins and interfering with transmission of pain impulses.

Acupressure:The application of pressure at acupuncture sites, interfering with transmission of pain impulses.

27
Q

Spinal Cord Stimulation

A
  • Electrical simulation device is implanted into the epidural space.
  • Leads for the device are connected to a generator in the abdomen or buttocks.
  • Used for treatment of chronic neurologic pain by producing a tingling sensation that alters pain perception.
28
Q

Nerve Stimulation

A
  • Low-intensity current is applied through electrodes attached to selective receptors on skin.
  • Current interferes with transmission of pain impulses in nerve fibers, reducing pain and providing analgesia, which improves mobility.
  • A Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) unit is a portable, battery-operated stimulator with a lead wire and electrode pads that are applied to the skin in the area of pain. TENS units are contraindicated for patients with pacemakers or cardiac arrhythmias.
29
Q

Cold and Heat

A

Cryotherapy
• Application of cold decreases swelling and pain, produces local analgesia, and slows nerve conduction, which improves functioning.
• Ice bags and cold compresses are examples of cryotherapy.

Thermotherapy:
• Application of heat decreases pain by producing local analgesia, dilating blood vessels, and improving functioning.
• Hot compresses, heating pads, and sitz baths are examples of thermotherapy.
• Apply heat or cold for only 15 minutes at a time to avoid tissue injury. It may be reapplied, alternating with 15 to 20 minute rest periods from heat or cold.

30
Q

Equianalgesic dose

A
  • Dose of one analgesic equivalent in pain-relieving effects compared with another analgesic
  • Important when substituting one analgesic for another and when changing the administration route of opioids
31
Q

Titration

A
  • Dose adjustment based on assessment of the analgesic effect versus adverse effects
  • Use the smallest dose to provide effective pain control with fewest adverse effects
32
Q

Ceiling effect

A

increasing the dose beyond an upper limit provides no greater analgesia

33
Q

Step 1” pain drugs

A 
Mild Pain 
Nonopioid analgesics (Aspirin and other salicylates, other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs], and acetaminophen [Tylenol])
34
Q

Step 2” pain drugs

A 
Mild to Moderate Pain 
Mu: morphine, oxycodone, hydromorphone, methadone
Opioid agonists (morphine)
Antagonists (naloxone)
Mixed (pentazocine, butorphanol)
35
Q

Step 3” pain drugs

A 
Moderate to Severe Pain
Most are mu-receptor agonists 
Potent
No analgesic ceiling
Can be delivered via many routes

Opioid analgesics commonly used for severe pain
Morphine
Morphine-like agonists
Mixed agonist–antagonists

Med Nurs 1 Terms (20 decks)

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