Other Lower Respiratory Problems

Question 1

Acute Bronchitis

Answer 1

An inflammation of the bronchi in the lower respiratory tract usually caused by infection

Question 2

Atypical Mycobacteria

Answer 2

Resembles TB
infections caused by a species of mycobacterium other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Invades cervical lymph nodes, causing lymphadenitis

Question 3

Bronchiectasis

Answer 3

chronic condition where the walls of the bronchi are thickened from inflammation and infection
- Promote drainage and removal of bronchial mucus

Question 4

Lung Abscess

Answer 4

• Pus-containing lesion of the lung parenchyma that gives rise to a cavity formed by necrosis of lung tissue
is a necrotizing lung infection characterized by a pus-filled cavitary lesion
• Causes and pathogenesis similar to those of pneumonia; most cases caused by aspiration of material from the oral cavity into the lungs

Question 5

Pneumoconiosis

Answer 5

ie. Environmental Lung Diseases

result from inhaled dust or chemicals (pneumoconiosis).

Question 6

Restrictive Respiratory Disorders

Answer 6

Characterized by a restriction in lung volume, caused by decreased compliance of the lungs or chest wall

Note:
Pulmonary compliance, a measure of the lung expandability

Question 7

Empyema

Answer 7

pleural effusion that contains pus

Note:
pleural effusion build-up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs

Question 8

Pleural Effusion

Answer 8

“water on the lungs,” is the build-up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs

Question 9

Transudative Pleural Effusion

Answer 9

caused by fluid leaking into the pleural space.
from increased pressure in the blood vessels or a low blood protein count.
fluid buildup caused by systemic conditions that alter the pressure in blood vessels

Can cause heart failure

Question 10

Exudative Pleural Effusion

Answer 10

forms from extra liquid, protein, blood, inflammatory cells or sometimes bacteria that leak across damaged blood vessels into the pleura

fluid buildup caused by tissue leakage due to inflammation or local cellular damage

caused by pnemonia or TB

Question 11

Thoracentesis

Answer 11

procedure to remove fluid or air from around the lungs
Client sits on the edge of a bed and leans forward over a bedside table.
A needle is put through the chest wall into the pleural space

Question 12

Pleurisy

Answer 12

Inflammation of the pleura

Question 13

Atelectasis

Answer 13

Condition of the lungs characterized by collapsed, airless alveoli

Question 14

Intersitital Lung Disease

Answer 14

an umbrella term used for a large group of diseases that cause scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs.

Question 15

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)

Answer 15

an ILD Intersitital Lung Disease

• Causes scar tissue (fibrosis) to build up in the lungs, which makes the lungs unable to transport oxygen into the bloodstream effectively.
• Characterized by scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs as a sequel to inflammation or irritation
• Clinical manifestations: exertional dyspnea, nonproductive cough, and inspirational crackles with or without clubbing

Question 16

Sarcoidosis

Answer 16

an ILD

• causes small lumps of inflammatory cells to grow in the lungs.
• Chronic, multisystem granulomatous (mass of granular tissue) disease of unknown cause that affects primarily the lungs

Question 17

Pulmonary edema

Answer 17

An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the alveoli and the interstitial spaces of the lungs (the tissue area in and around the wall of the airsacs)

Question 18

Pulmonary embolism

Answer 18

Blockage of pulmonary arteries by a thrombus, fat or air embolus, or tumour tissue

Question 19

Primary Pulmonary Hypertension (PPH)

Answer 19

• is high blood pressure in the lungs
• exclusively affecting the pulmonary circulation
• Characterized by mean pulmonary arterial pressure greater than 25 mm Hg at rest or greater than 30 mm Hg with exercise

Question 20

Secondary PulmonaryHypertension (SPH)

Answer 20

• is high blood pressure in the lungs
• associated with a causal underlying disease process

Occurs when a primary disease causes a chronic increase in pulmonary artery pressures
Symptoms include dyspnea, fatigue, lethargy, chest pain, and those reflecting the underlying disease.
Treatment of SPH is similar to that of PPH.
Treat the underlying disorder.

Question 21

Cor Pulmonale

Answer 21

Enlargement of the right ventricle secondary to diseases of the lung, thorax, or pulmonary circulation
Or
an alteration in the structure (e.g., hypertrophy or dilatation) and function of the right ventricle (RV) of the heart that leads to r. sided heart failure

Clinical manifestations
Dyspnea; chronic productive cough; wheezing respirations; retrosternal or substernal pain; fatigue
Collaborative care
Treatment of underlying condition(s)

Question 22

parenchyma

Answer 22

refers to the functional part of an organ in the body

Question 23

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

Answer 23

due to airflow obstruction from either a narrowing of the air passages or obstruction of the pharynx by the tongue

-cessation of spontaneous respirations lasting longer than 10 seconds