Other Lower Respiratory Problems Flashcards
Acute Bronchitis
An inflammation of the bronchi in the lower respiratory tract usually caused by infection
Atypical Mycobacteria
Resembles TB
infections caused by a species of mycobacterium other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Invades cervical lymph nodes, causing lymphadenitis
Bronchiectasis
chronic condition where the walls of the bronchi are thickened from inflammation and infection
- Promote drainage and removal of bronchial mucus
Lung Abscess
• Pus-containing lesion of the lung parenchyma that gives rise to a cavity formed by necrosis of lung tissue
is a necrotizing lung infection characterized by a pus-filled cavitary lesion
• Causes and pathogenesis similar to those of pneumonia; most cases caused by aspiration of material from the oral cavity into the lungs
Pneumoconiosis
ie. Environmental Lung Diseases
result from inhaled dust or chemicals (pneumoconiosis).
Restrictive Respiratory Disorders
Characterized by a restriction in lung volume, caused by decreased compliance of the lungs or chest wall
Note:
Pulmonary compliance, a measure of the lung expandability
Empyema
pleural effusion that contains pus
Note:
pleural effusion build-up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs
Pleural Effusion
“water on the lungs,” is the build-up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs
Transudative Pleural Effusion
caused by fluid leaking into the pleural space.
from increased pressure in the blood vessels or a low blood protein count.
fluid buildup caused by systemic conditions that alter the pressure in blood vessels
Can cause heart failure
Exudative Pleural Effusion
forms from extra liquid, protein, blood, inflammatory cells or sometimes bacteria that leak across damaged blood vessels into the pleura
fluid buildup caused by tissue leakage due to inflammation or local cellular damage
caused by pnemonia or TB
Thoracentesis
procedure to remove fluid or air from around the lungs
Client sits on the edge of a bed and leans forward over a bedside table.
A needle is put through the chest wall into the pleural space
Pleurisy
Inflammation of the pleura
Atelectasis
Condition of the lungs characterized by collapsed, airless alveoli
Intersitital Lung Disease
an umbrella term used for a large group of diseases that cause scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)
an ILD Intersitital Lung Disease
- Causes scar tissue (fibrosis) to build up in the lungs, which makes the lungs unable to transport oxygen into the bloodstream effectively.
- Characterized by scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs as a sequel to inflammation or irritation
- Clinical manifestations: exertional dyspnea, nonproductive cough, and inspirational crackles with or without clubbing
Sarcoidosis
an ILD
- causes small lumps of inflammatory cells to grow in the lungs.
- Chronic, multisystem granulomatous (mass of granular tissue) disease of unknown cause that affects primarily the lungs
Pulmonary edema
An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the alveoli and the interstitial spaces of the lungs (the tissue area in and around the wall of the airsacs)
Pulmonary embolism
Blockage of pulmonary arteries by a thrombus, fat or air embolus, or tumour tissue
Primary Pulmonary Hypertension (PPH)
- is high blood pressure in the lungs
- exclusively affecting the pulmonary circulation
- Characterized by mean pulmonary arterial pressure greater than 25 mm Hg at rest or greater than 30 mm Hg with exercise
Secondary PulmonaryHypertension (SPH)
- is high blood pressure in the lungs
- associated with a causal underlying disease process
Occurs when a primary disease causes a chronic increase in pulmonary artery pressures
Symptoms include dyspnea, fatigue, lethargy, chest pain, and those reflecting the underlying disease.
Treatment of SPH is similar to that of PPH.
Treat the underlying disorder.
Cor Pulmonale
Enlargement of the right ventricle secondary to diseases of the lung, thorax, or pulmonary circulation
Or
an alteration in the structure (e.g., hypertrophy or dilatation) and function of the right ventricle (RV) of the heart that leads to r. sided heart failure
Clinical manifestations
Dyspnea; chronic productive cough; wheezing respirations; retrosternal or substernal pain; fatigue
Collaborative care
Treatment of underlying condition(s)
parenchyma
refers to the functional part of an organ in the body
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
due to airflow obstruction from either a narrowing of the air passages or obstruction of the pharynx by the tongue
-cessation of spontaneous respirations lasting longer than 10 seconds
