Hypertension

Question 1

Hypertension

Answer 1

• High blood pressure (need at least 2 readings)
• persistently increased systemic vascular resistance (SVR). This decreases perfusion to body organs
• BP > 140/90 mm Hg
• or >130/80 mm Hg if the client has diabetes or chronic kidney disease

Question 2

Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH)

Answer 2

• Systolic is the only one that’s elevated
• Sustained elevation of SBP ≥ 140 mm Hg and a DBP < 90 mm Hg
• Common in older adults related to loss of elasticity in large arteries
• focus is on prevention

Question 3

Primary hypertension

Answer 3

• Elevated blood pressure that has no known, reversible cause.
• 90-95% of cases

Question 4

Secondary hypertension

Answer 4

• Elevated blood pressure that develops from an identifiable, correctable cause.
• An example of an underlying condition that may lead to secondary HTN is coarctation of the aorta.
• Many causes; treatment aimed at eliminating the underlying cause

Question 5

Cardiac output (CO)

Answer 5

• total blood flow through the systemic or pulmonary circulation per minute.
CO = SV*HR
• stroke volume (amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat [~70 mL])

Question 6

Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

Answer 6

the force opposing the movement of blood within the blood vessels.

Question 7

α1 and α2 adrenergic:

Answer 7

Vasoconstriction

Question 8

ß1 adrenergic:

Answer 8

Increased heart rate and conduction

Question 9

ß2 adrenergic:

Answer 9

Vasodilation and increased renin secretion

Question 10

Dopaminergic:

Answer 10

Vasodilation

Question 11

hypokalemia.

Answer 11

a lower than normal potassium level in your bloodstream

Question 12

Thiazide diuretics

Answer 12

• decrease circulating fluid volume
• Promote sodium and water excretion = reduce blood volume
• reduce plasma volume and decrease systemic vascular resistance

Question 13

Ace inhibitors

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

Answer 13

• prevents vasoconstriction
• reduce the conversion of angiotension
• inhibit ACE to prevent conversion from angiotensin I to angiotensin II
• end in ‘pril’
• can cause coughing
• potassium levels may increase with angiotensin inhibitors.

Question 14

ARBs

Angiotension Receptor Blockers

Answer 14

• produces vasodilation
• prevent the action of angiotensin
• end in ‘sartan’
• potassium levels may increase with angiotensin inhibitors.

Question 15

Calcium Channel Blockers

Answer 15

• cause vasodilation by inhibiting calcium from crossing cell membranes and decreasing heart rate.
• end in ‘dipine
• avoid grapefruit

Question 16

Beta Blockers

Answer 16

• decrease vasoconstriction by blocking beta receptors

* Keeps heart rate lower causing vasodilation

Question 17

Hypertensive Crisis

Answer 17

• Severe, abrupt increase in DBP
• defined as >120–130 mm Hg
• Hypertensive emergency = evidence of acute target organ damage