page. 116-130 Flashcards
Biologists consider it the most highly organized unit of any form of life.
the nervous system
includes the brain and the spinal cord, which are both encased in bone for protection.
central nervous system
protected by the cranium, is the principal organ of the nervous system
brain
the brain communicates with most of the body through the….
A thick bundle of nerve fibers located within the spinal cavity
spinal cord
The spinal cord and brain are covered by a triple layer
of protective tissues known as the
meninges
the meninges
The meninges are composed of an outer layer called the dura mater [d‚rÆè m¡Ætèr], a middle layer called the arachnoid [è¶rÅkÆnoidæ] mater, and an inner layer called the pia [p£Æè] mater. The dura mater, which is one of the strongest tissues of the body, serves primarily as a flexible protective layer. The arachnoid mater is composed of thin fibers, like the fibers of a spider’s web, that form an intricate three dimensional network around the brain
which support and insulate nerve tissue
glial cells
the actual nerve cells
neurons
is a short, branched extension of the cell that receives nerve impulses from other neurons and conducts them toward the cell body
dendrite
found within the brain and spinal
cord consists largely of the cell bodies of neurons and is gray because the cell bodies lack the white, specialized covering known as myelin
gray matter
is composed of axons and glial cells that are white because of their myelin content.
white matter
what are masses of cell bodies
ganglia
a network of interconnected nerve fibers going to or from a region
plexus
located at the back of the neck and shoulder, branches to form the median nerve and other arm nerves
Brachial plexus
a group of cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord are known as
nerve center
brain stem control your breathing
medulla oblongata
Neurons that transmit information to the central nervous system from the senses of sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell, as well as those that transmit pain signals, are
sensory neurons
Neurons that relay signals from the central nervous system to the other parts of the body are the
motor neurons
found only in the central nervous system, relay signals between neurons or groups of neurons and are responsible for the processing of information by the brain, like the logic circuits of a computer
interneurons
These tightly sealed capillary walls, that protect the central nervous system from being permanently damaged every time you get sick are called
blood-brain barrier
Your brain contains its own white blood cells, which help protect the brain from infection
microglia
When invading microorganisms enter the nerve tissue and infect the meninges, they can cause a disease called
meningitis
serious disease
that attacks the spinal cord that is caused by a virus that enters the motor neutrons of the spinal cord
poliomyelitis or polio
what consists of nerves, which are bundles of nerve fibers (axons) branching from the brain and spinal cord and connecting the central nervous system to the extremities of the body.
peripheral nervous system
one of the longest nerves in the body, connects the leg extremities with the spinal cord in the lower back.
sciatic nerve
the part of the brain that controls sense of smell
olfactory
the part of the brain for sight
optic
the part of the brain that controls most eye muscles
oculomotor
the part of the brain the controls superior oblique muscle of eye
trochlear
part of the brain that controls sensations of face; controls chewing muscles
trigeminal
part of the brain that controls lateral rectus muscle of eye
abducens
taste; sensations of tongue and palate; controls facial muscles and salivary glands
facial
the part of the brain that controls the hearing; and sense of balances
vestibulocohlear
part of the brain that controls sensations of internal organs; controls parasympathetic division of autonomic nervous system
vagus
part of the brain that controls the sensations of the neck; and controls neck muscels
accessory
brain that controls throat muscles
hypoglossal
Most nerves contain both sensory and motor fibers and thus are known as
mixed nerves
what carry impulses from light, taste, sound, touch, and pain from other parts of the body to the spinal cord and brain for analysis.
sensory nerve fibers
what carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to produce action in muscles and organs.
motor nerve fibers
The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the heart and the other internal organs is the
autonomic nervous system
what generally responds
coccygeal nerve
to your body’s needs during increased activity and in emergency situations by causing heartbeat and breathing rates to increase
sympathetic division
what acts as a
balance to counteract the actions of the sympathetic division.
parasympathetic division
which controls
the muscles of the forearm and the muscles and skin of the hand, is representative of how all peripheral nerves are designed.
consists of bundles of nerve fibers surrounded by connective tissues
median nerve
which produce layers of myelin sheathing that acts much like the insulation on an electrical wire.
schwann cells
the inability of the muscles to move
paralysis
When a neuron is triggered to fire, a brief pulse of positive charge sweeps through the neuron and races down the axon like the fuse of a firecracker
action potential
enclosed junction between two neurons or a neuron and another cell.
synapse
affects the patient’s control of posture and movement; it is characterized by tremors (shaking) and stiffness of the limbs
parkinson’s disease
The simplest act of the nervous system is a
reflex
which is the largest, most important part
of the nervous system, has three main parts
brain
the largest part of the brain and is the physical organ that helps you in the areas of consciousness, memory, voluntary actions, thinking, and intelligence
cerebrum
These halves are split by the longitudinal fissure
hemispheres
The two hemispheres communicate with each other through a mass of nerve fibers called the
corpus callosum
the outer layer
of the cerebrum
cerebral cortex
the convolutions of each of the cerebral hemispheres are devided by grooves into various regions are called
lobes
The forward portion of the frontal lobes is associated
with personality, judgment, and self control. The rear portion of the frontal lobes is called the ——– because it controls voluntary movement of the skeletal muscles
motor area
The sense of vision is interpreted by the
occipital lobes
