Oxygenation Power Point Flashcards
______ is needed to sustain life.
Oxygen
The ____ and respiratory systems supply the oxygen demands of the body.
cardiac
The exchange of respiratory gases occurs between the _____ and the blood.
environment
_____ is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during cellular metabolism.
Respiration
_____- and chemical regulators control the rate and depth of respiration in response to changing tissue oxygen demands.
Neural
The pressure in the pleural cavity is always ______. Less than atmospheric pressure of 760 mmHg at sea level.
negative
Negative pressure between the ______ membranes is what keeps the lungs always partially expanded
pleural
Respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during _______.
cellular metabolism
The airways of the lung transfer oxygen from the atmosphere to the _____, where the oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide.
alveoli
Through the ______ membrane, oxygen transfers to the blood, and carbon dioxide transfers from the blood to the alveoli.
alveolar capillary
________ is the effort required to expand and contract the lungs.
Work of breathing
______ active process stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta.
Inspiration
______ passive process that depends on the elastic recoil properties of the lungs, requiring little or no muscle work.
Expiration
_______ Chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing. A reduction in the chemical surfactant causes atelectasis.
Surfactant
_______ Collapse of the alveoli that prevents the normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Atelectasis
An active process stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta; a passive process for expiration
Inspiration =
Lung volumes: tidal, residual, forced vital capacity (FVC); spirometry are needed for diagnosis of _____ and other respiratory diseases.
asthma
The thickness of the alveolar capillary membrane _____ diffusion and exchange of respiratory gases. It also decreases delivery of oxygen to tissues which can result in pneumonia, pulmonary infiltrates and ________.
slows
pulmonary edema
______ regulation takes place in the Central nervous system since it controls the respiratory rate, depth, and rhythm. The cerebral cortex regulates the _____ control of respiration.
Neural
voluntary
_____ regulation Maintains the rate and depth of respirations based on changes in the blood concentrations of CO2 and O2, and in hydrogen ion concentration (pH)
chemical
____ sense changes in the chemical content and stimulate neural regulators to adjust.
chemoreceptors
Cardiopulmonary physiology involves delivery of deoxygenated blood (blood high in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen) to the right side of the heart and then to the lungs, where it is ____.
oxygenated
End-diastolic pressure is also called ____
preload
Resistance to left ventricular ejection is known as _____.
afterload
Physiologic Factors Affecting Oxygenation
Cardiac disorders
Respiratory disorders: hypo and hyperventilation, hypoxia
Alterations is chest wall movement: trauma, collapsed lung
Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity affects oxygenation
Anemia- lower than normal hemoglobin
Decreased hemoglobin production
Increased red blood cell destruction
Blood loss
Significant blood loss, adaptation by peripheral vasoconstriction
HR X SV = CO
Inhalation of toxic substances (CO): also called functional anemia
Oxygenation safety guidlines
Patients with sudden changes in their vital signs, level of consciousness, or behavior are possibly experiencing profound hypoxia.
Perform tracheal suctioning before pharyngeal suctioning whenever possible.
Use caution when suctioning patients with a head injury.
The routine use of normal saline instillation into the airway before ET and tracheostomy suctioning is not recommended.
The most serious tracheostomy complication is airway obstruction, which can result in cardiac arrest.
Patients with COPD who are breathing spontaneously should never receive high levels of oxygen therapy.
Focus on evaluating how the disease is affecting _____ activities and how the patient believes he or she is responding to treatment.
day-to-day
Compare the patient’s actual progress to the goals and expected outcomes of the nursing care plan to determine his or her _______
health status
Evaluation
Ask about
Degree of breathlessness
If distance ambulated without fatigue has increased
Rating the breathlessness from 0 to 10
Which interventions reduce dyspnea
Frequency of cough and sputum production
Perform
Observe respiratory rate before, during, and after any activity.
Assess any sputum produced.
Auscultate lung sounds for improvement in adventitious sounds.
Aerosol Mask or Face Tent
24-100% FiO2
Flow Rate at least 10L/min
Requires Humidification
Drain Condensation from tubing often
Venturi Mask
24-50% FiO2
Flow rate 4-10 L/min using adapters
Deliver most precise oxygen
Nonrebreather Mask
Nonrebreather Mask
80-100% FiO2
Flow rate 10-15 L/min
Keep reservoir bag 2/3 full on inspriation and expiration
Delivers highest O2 concentration except intubation
Partial Rebreather Mask
Partial Rebreather Mask
40-70% FiO2
Flow rate 6-10 L/min
Keep reservoir 1/3 to ½ full on inspiration
Oxygen Delivery
40-60% FiO2
Flow rate 5-8L/min
Minimum flow rate 5L/min
Nasal Cannula
24-44% FiO2
Flow rate 1-6 L/min
Humidification > 4L/min