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Nursing Semester 1 > Oxygenation > Flashcards

Oxygenation Flashcards

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1
Q

Alterations in respiratory function:

A

hypoventilation

hyperventilation

hypoxia

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2
Q

Hypoventilation:

A

Alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet the oxygen demand of the body or eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide

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3
Q

Atelectasis is

A

a collapse of the alveoli, prevents normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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4
Q

Hypoxia is

A

inadequate tissue oxygenation at the CELLULAR level.

Results from a deficiency in oxygen delivery or oxygen use at the cellular level

life threatening

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5
Q

Hypoxemia is

A

suboptimal normal partial pressure of oxygen.

Untreated hypoxemia will result in hypoxia.

Hypoxemia is common cause of hypoxia however hypoxia can exist without hypoxemia

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6
Q

Causes of Hypoxemia

A

Poor alveolar ventilation due to decreased tidal volume or respiratory rate

Decreased diffusion of oxygen from alveoli to pulmonary capillaries as a result of THICKENING of the alveolar-capillary membrane ventilation/perfusion mismatch

Shunting- occurs when venous blood travels from the right to left side of heart without passing by inflated alveoli resulting in MIXING of venous and arterial blood

Ventilation/perfusion mismatch

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7
Q

Causes of Hypoxia:

A

Anemic hypoxia

Ischemic stagnant hypoxia

Histotoxic hypoxia/dysoxia

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8
Q

Anemic hypoxia:

A

decreased ability to transport oxygen and can be result of low hemoglobin levels (anemia, hypovolemic shock) or reduced function of hemoglobin (carbon monoxide poisoning)

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9
Q

Ischemic/stagnant hypoxia:

A

occurs when there is decreased delivery of oxygen to tissue cells as a result of insufficient blood flow and which may be the result of systemic conditions (cardiac failure) or local disruption to circulation (tissue edema or local arterial damage).

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10
Q

Histotoxic hypoxia:

A

occurs when tissues are unable to properly utilize oxygen despite adequate oxygen supply and which occurs as a result of cellular poisons (cyanide), abnormal tissue oxygen requirements, or poor oxygen diffusion across cell membrane (tissue edema)

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11
Q

Hypoxemia ranges:

A

pO2 of less than 60 mmHG or an oxygen saturation of less than 90% leaving oxygen saturations in the range of 90-95%

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12
Q

Respiratory failure is defined as a

A

pO2 less than 50 mmHg and a pCO2 greater than 50 mmHG

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13
Q

Ventilation:

A

process of moving gases into and out of the lungs

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14
Q

Atelectasis:

A

collapse of the alveoli that prevents normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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15
Q

External respiration:

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 between alveoli and blood

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16
Q

Gas transport:

A

blood transports O2 and CO2 to body cells

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17
Q

Internal respiration

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and cells

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18
Q

Blood and tissue oxygenation is through the process of ___________ (3)

A

Ventilation

Perfusion

Diffusion

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19
Q

Accumulation of carbonic acid in the body leads to

A

respiratory acid-base disorder termed respiratory acidosis

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20
Q

Majority of CARBON DIOXIDE molecules are transported in the blood as

A

BICARBONATE HCO2

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21
Q

Factors affecting respiration could stem from

A

integrity of the airway system (ventilation)

functioning cardiovascular system (perfusion)

functioning alveoli (diffusion)

functioning medulla & chemoreceptors

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22
Q

Physiologic factors Gas-exchange:

A

decrease oxygen-carrying capacity

hypovolemia

decrease inspired oxygen concentration

increased metabolic rate

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23
Q

Physiologic factors affecting gas-exchange:

A

Lung elasticity/compliance (ability to stretch and recoil)

Airway obstruction

musculature condition

trauma

neuromuscular disease

central nervous system

influences of chronic disease

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24
Q

Alteration in cardiac function that could affect oxygenation:

A

cardiac arrhythmias

congestive heart failure

valvular dysfunction

cardiac ischemia

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25
Q

Fick’s law of Diffusion

A

rate of a diffusion of gas is dependent on surface area and thickness of membrane

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26
Q

Factors affecting oxygenation

A

Developmental factors (age)

infants/toddlers

school age children and adolescents

young-middle age adults

older adults

medication

respiratory history

occupation

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27
Q

Psycho-social factors affecting oxygenation

A

environment

stress

emotions

health

Lifestyle factors:
nutrition 
exercise
smoking
substance abuse
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28
Q

Afterload

A

resistance to left ventricular ejection

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29
Q

Angina pectoris

A

transient imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand

results in aching, sharp, tingling or burning chest pain

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30
Q

Atelectasis

A

collapse of the alveoli that prevents normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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31
Q

Bronchoscopy

A

procedure that allows viewing of airway through a thin viewing instrument called a bronchoscope.

During a bronchoscopy, your doctor will examine your throat, larynx , trachea , and lower airways.

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32
Q

Cardiac index

A

assessment of patient’s cardiac output based on size

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33
Q

Cardiac output

A

amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute

normal: 4-6 L/min

increases during exercise, pregnancy, fever and decreases during sleep

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34
Q

Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation

A

helps patients achieve and maintain an optimal level of health through controlled physical exercise

nutrition counseling

relaxation and stress management techniques

prescribed medications and oxygen

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35
Q

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

A

CAB

Chest compression

Airway

Breathing

ventilation is done after first cycle of 30 chest compressions

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36
Q

Chest physiotherapy

A

group of therapies for mobilizing pulmonary secretions

include postural drainage, chest percussion and vibration

CPT is followed by productive coughing or suctioning of a patient who has decreased ability to cough

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37
Q

Chest tube

A

a catheter inserted through the thorax to remove air and fluids from the pleural space to prevent air or fluid from reentering the pleural space or to reestablish normal intrapleural and intrapulmonic pressures

common after chest surgery and chest trauma

used for treatment of pneumothorax or hemothorax to promote lung reexpansion

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38
Q

Cyanosis

A

bluish or purplish discolouration of the skin or mucous membranes due to the tissues near the skin surface having low oxygen saturation.

39
Q

Diaphragmatic breathing

A

useful for patients with pulmonary disease, posted patients and women in labor to promote relaxation and provide pain control

improves efficiency of breathing by decreasing air trapping and reducing the WOB

40
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of oxygen in the blood

41
Q

dyspnea

A

associated with hypoxia

subjective sensation of difficult or uncomfortable breathing

shortness of breath usually associated with exercise or excitement, pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neuromuscular conditions and anemia

exaggerated respiratory effort

42
Q

Dysrhythmias

A

electrical impulses that do not originate from the SA node cause conduction disturbances

rhythm disturbances, deviation from the normal sinus rhythm

occur as a primary conduction disturbance such as in response to ischemia, valvular abnormality, anxiety, drug toxicity, caffeine, alcohol/tobacco, complication of acid base or electrolyte imbalance

43
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

electrical activity of the conduction system

monitors the regularity and path of the electrical impulse through the conduction system

does not reflect muscular work of heart

44
Q

Normal sequence on ECG is called

A

normal sinus rhythm

45
Q

Expiration

A

PASSIVE process that depends on the elastic recoil properties of the lungs, requiring little or no muscle work

46
Q

Inspiration

A

active process stimulated by chemical receptors in aorta

47
Q

Hematemesis

A

vomiting of blood

48
Q

Hemoptysis

A

coughing up blood

49
Q

Hemothroax

A

accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleura and usually result of trauma

50
Q

Humidification

A

process of adding water to gas

51
Q

Hyperventilation

A

lungs remove carbon dioxide faster than it is produced by cellular respiration

anxiety, infection, drugs or acid base imbalance induce hyperventilation

RAPID RESPIRATIONS, SIGHING BREATHS, NUBNESS AND TINGLING OF HANDS/FEET, LIGHT HEADEDNESS, LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

52
Q

Hypoventilation

A

alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet the oxygen demand of the body or eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide

body retains CO2
- can lead to respiratory acidosis/arrest

mental status change, dysrhythmias, potential cardiac arrest

53
Q

Nasal cannula

A

simple comfortable device used for precise oxygen delivery

54
Q

Simple masks

A

short term oxygen therapy …

useful for short periods such as patient transportation

55
Q

Partial rebreather

A

a breathing set that recycles exhaled air and mixes that with a breathing gas containing oxygen. This reduces the amount of breathing gas needed.

56
Q

Non-rebreather

A

requires that the patient can breathe unassisted, but unlike low flow nasal cannula, the NRB allows for the delivery of higher concentrations of oxygen.

57
Q

CPAP

A

Continuous positive airway pressure

treats patients with obstructive sleep apnea, heart failure and preterm infants with underdeveloped lungs

58
Q

BIPAP

A

Bilevel positive airway pressure

provides both inspiratory positive airway pressure (IPAP) and expiratory airway pressure (EPAP)

difference between two pressures indicates amount of pressure support patient needs

59
Q

Ventilator (ET)

A

Endotracheal tube

short term artificial airway to administer invasive mechanical ventilation, relieve upper airway obstruction, protect against aspiration or clear secretions

60
Q

Ventilator (Tracheostomy)

A

long term assistance

surgical invasion made into trachea

patients can’t speak because tube is inserted below vocal cords

61
Q

Normal respiratory rate of newborn

A

30-60 breaths/min

62
Q

PQRST

A

Provokes

quality

region/radiation

severity scale

timing

63
Q

Tachypnea

A

R>24

64
Q

Bradypnea

A

R<10

65
Q

Hypovolemia

A

Extracellular fluid loss and reduced circulating blood volume

66
Q

4 factors that influence adequacy of circulation, ventilation, perfusion and transport of respiratory gases to tissues

A

physiological

developmental

lifestyle

environmental

67
Q

Orthopnea

A

abnormal condition in which a patient uses multiple pillows when reclining to breathe easier or sits leaning forward with arms elevated

68
Q

Apnea

A

absence of respirations lasting for 15 seconds or longer

69
Q

Cheyne-stokes respiration

A

occurs when there is decreased blood flow or injury to the brainstem

70
Q

Oxygenated blood leaves the heart and is pushed to the tissues via

A

aorta

71
Q

The ______ returns deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

A

inferior vena cava

72
Q

Deoxygenated blood moves from the right atrium to the lungs via __

A

pulmonary artery

73
Q

Oxygenated blood from the lungs flows into the ____

A

left atrium

74
Q

Deoxygenated blood from the body flows through the ____ system to the heart, flowing into the _________

A

venous system

right atrium

75
Q

Oxygenated blood is pumped to all parts of the body from the _______

A

left ventricle

76
Q

Deoxygenated blood from the heart is pumped from the ______ to the _______ for oxygenation

A

right ventricle

lungs

77
Q

Upper respiratory tract includes

A

nose

nasal cavity

sinuses

pharynx

78
Q

Lower respiratory tract contains

A

larynx, where the vocal cords are

trachea

bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

79
Q

Which nerve do impulses travel through to stimulate diaphragm to move downward during inspiration

A

phrenic nerve

80
Q

Intercostal nerve stimulates the

A

intercostal muscles along the ribs to contract

81
Q

During ____, the diaphragm relaxes, the chest and lung tissues ____ and intraalveolar pressure ___ causing air to be forced out of lungs

A

expiration

recoil

increases

82
Q

During expiration, pressure is

A

decreased volume in thoracic cavity

increases pressure in lungs causing air to flow out

83
Q

Inspiration volume and air pressure

A

increased volume in thoracic cavity

decreased air pressure- draws air into lungs

84
Q

External respiration:

A

exchange of gases between the lungs and blood

85
Q

Internal respiration

A

exchange of gases between the blood and tissues

86
Q

cellular respiration

A

cells use the oxygen for metabolism, releasing carbon dioxide

87
Q

Which part of respiratory tract does air pass after moving through trachea?

A

Bronchioles

alveoli

88
Q

Perfusion is

A

when oxygen enriched blood then travels to the body’s tissues

89
Q

Damage to the epicardium would cause

A

impaired secretion of serous fluid

increased friction during heart contractions

90
Q

Steps of inspiration and expiration

A

Respiratory center in brain releases an impulse to nerves

phrenic nerve stimulates the diaphragm to move downward and the intercostal nerve causes the intercostal muscles to contract

the chest cavity expands, causing decreased idntraalveolar pressure

atmospheric pressure exceeds idntraalveolar pressure, causing air to move into the respiratory tract and the lungs fill with air

diaphragm relaxes and idntraalveolar pressure increases

air is forced out from the lungs

91
Q

Coronary arteries include the

A

right coronary

left main

left anterior descending

circumflex

92
Q

Common disorder that impairs airflow in lungs due to inflammation and structural damage

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis

93
Q

Chronic bronchitis characteristics

A

inflammation of the large airways

increased mucus production

chronic cough

94
Q

Fick’s law of diffusion:

A

rate of diffusion of gas is dependent on SURFACE AREA and THICKNESS of the membrane

Nursing Semester 1 (24 decks)

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