Alterations in Oxygenation and Perfusion

Question 1

Emphysema characterized by

Answer 1

inflamed and damaged alveolar walls in lungs

Question 2

Chronic bronchitis characterized by

Answer 2

inflammation of the large airways

increased mucus production

chronic cough

lining of larger airways is damaged leading to increased difficulty clearing mucus. mucus builds and the airways narrow

Question 3

Asthma is a chronic disease characterized by

Answer 3

periodic, reversible airway obstruction.

Exposure to certain irritants cause the muscles of airways to spasm, narrowing the bronchiole (bronchospasm)

airway constriction leads to dyspnea, intermittent cough, chest tightness and wheezing

Question 4

Clinical manifestations of pneumonia include

Answer 4

fever

cough

increased secretions

dyspnea

Question 5

Pneumonia is

Answer 5

an inflammation of the lungs caused by infection (bacteria, virus, fungus, protozoa)

aspiration can lead to pneumonia

in response to the infection, alveoli become inflamed and fill with fluid. Fluid doesn’t allow alveoli to function correctly and impairs gas exchange

Question 6

Atelectasis

Answer 6

diminished lung volume

results from blockage or collapse of air passages in at least one lobe of lungs leading to hypoventilation

Decreased or abnormal breath sounds over affected area

Question 7

Defining characteristics of emphysema

Answer 7

Inelastic alveoli with decreased surface area

hyperinflation with air trapped in distal alveoli

hypoxia with decreased gas exchange

Question 8

Clinical situations that indicate a patient is at high risk for atelectasis

Answer 8

a patient with decreased movement of the diaphragm and chest wall

a patient experiencing pain after abdominal surgery

a patient with COPD with small airway obstruction from retained secretions

Question 9

Buildup of fluid around the heart causing decreased contractility and cardiac output is which health problem

Answer 9

cardiac failure

Question 10

Patient education for newly diagnosed emphysema patient

Answer 10

progressive and irreversible condition

chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder

Question 11

Slow heart rate can be from

Answer 11

interrupted electrical impulses

pacemaker disturbances

electrolyte imbalance

Question 12

Objective signs of hypoxia

Answer 12

diaphoresis (profuse sweating)

irregular/abnormal heart beat

abnormal cardiac enzymes

Question 13

Subjective symptoms of hypoxia

Answer 13

pain typically in shoulder, arm, neck or jaw, abdomen

dyspnea

N/V

Question 14

Manifestations related to pump failure (subjectivE)

Answer 14

dyspnea: worsens with exertion or when patient is lying down

fatigue

Question 15

objective signs related to pump failure

Answer 15

edema

respiratory changes- increased respiratory rate, lower oxygen saturation, abnormal breath sounds

lower cardiac output

diaphoresis