Chapter 40- Oxygenation

Question 1

Ventilation:

Answer 1

Process of moving gases into and out of the lungs

Question 2

Major inspiratory muscle of respiration:

Answer 2

Diaphragm

Innervated by the phrenic nerve

Question 3

Perfusion:

Answer 3

ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Question 4

Work of breathing:

Answer 4

effort required to expand and contract the lungs

Question 5

Inspiration is a _____ process:

Answer 5

active process stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta

Question 6

Expiration is a ___ process

Answer 6

passive process that depends on the elastic recoil properties of the lungs, requiring little to no muscle work

Question 7

Atelectasis:

Answer 7

collapse of the alveoli that prevents normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 8

Stroke volume:

Answer 8

Volume of blood ejected from the ventricles

Question 9

Cardiac output:

Answer 9

amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute

Question 10

Cardiac output equation:

Answer 10

Stroke volume X heart rate

Question 11

Preload:

Answer 11

amount of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole, often referred to as end-diastolic volume

Question 12

Afterload:

Answer 12

resistance to left ventricular ejection

Question 13

myocardial contractility:

Answer 13

affects stroke volume and cardiac output

poor ventricular contraction decreases the amount of blood ejected

Question 14

Four factors that influence adequacy of circulation, ventilation, perfusion and transport of respiratory gases to the tissues:

Answer 14

physiological

developmental

lifestyle

environmental

Question 15

Hypovolemia:

Answer 15

extracellular fluid loss and reduced circulating blood volume

Question 16

Conditions affecting chest wall movement:

Answer 16

pregnancy

obesity

musculoskeletal abnormalities

trauma

neuromuscular diseases

CNS alterations

Question 17

3 primary alterations:

Answer 17

hypoventilation

hyperventilation

hypoxia

Question 18

Hypoxemia:

Answer 18

refers to a decrease in the amount of arterial oxygen

Question 19

Goal of ventilation is to:

Answer 19

normal arterial carbon dioxide tension between 35 mm Hg to 45 mm Hg

normal arterial oxygen tension: 80-100 mm Hg

Question 20

Hypoventilation:

Answer 20

occurs when alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet the oxygen demand of the body or eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide

BODY RETAINS CARBON DIOXIDE

Question 21

Hyperventilation:

Answer 21

state of ventilation in which the lungs REMOVE CARBON DIOXIDE FASTER than it is produced by cellular metabolism

Question 22

Hypoxia:

Answer 22

inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level

results from a deficiency in oxygen delivery or oxygen use at cellular level

Question 23

Causes of hypoxia include:

Answer 23

decreased hemoglobin level and lowered oxygen carrying capacity of blood

diminished concentration of inspired oxygen which occurs at high altitudes

inability of the tissues to extract oxygen from the blood as with cyanide poisoning

decreased diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to the blood as in pneumonia

poor tissue perfusion with oxygenated blood as with shock

impaired ventilation as with multiple rib fractures or chest trauma

Question 24

Clinical signs and symptoms of hypoxia:

Answer 24

apprehension

restlessness

inability to concentrate

decreased level of consciousness

dizziness

behavioral changes

patient with hypoxia is unable to lie flat and appears both fatigued and agitated