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Human Biology > Overview + Antigens > Flashcards

Overview + Antigens Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The immune system is what 3 things

A

Specific, systemic and has memory

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2
Q

Antigens are substances that do what

A

Provoke an immune response

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3
Q

What are the strongest antigen

A

Protein

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4
Q

Ability of a molecule to act as an antigen depends on what

A

Size and complexity

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5
Q

What are the immunogenicity parts of an antigen called

A

Antigenic determinants

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6
Q

Primary response of the immune system is what

A

Produce protective proteins known as antibodies

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7
Q

Another word for antibodies

A

Immunoglobulins/ Ig

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8
Q

Antibodies are produced by what

A

B lymphocytes/Plasma cells

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9
Q

Antibodies bind specifically to their antigens to form what

A

Immune complexes

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10
Q

Immune complex formation has several consequences. Describe the 4 consequences

A

1) toxic antigens are neutralised as the complex prevents antigen from spreading further
2) complexes activate formation of inflammatory mediators
3) immune complexes formed on the surface of bacteria, activate certain plasma proteins (complement) to drill holes into the bacterial cell membrane which causes bacteria to burst and die (lysis)
4) complexes target structures for phagocytosis and leads to destruction

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11
Q

Name the two types of immunity

A

Humoral and cellular

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12
Q

Humoral immunity is mediated by and involves what

A

Antibody mediated and involves B lymphocytes

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13
Q

Cellular immunity is mediated and involves what

A

Cell mediated immunity and involves T lymphocytes

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14
Q

B lymphocytes produce antibodies, naive lymphocytes produce unique antibodies from what

A

Random combination and rearrangement of gene products

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15
Q

Naive lymphocytes are found where

A

Lymphoid tissues

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16
Q

Binding of the antigen to the correct B lymphocyte activates what and why

A

Mitosis so that more of the antibody is produced

17
Q

Some copies of the selected b lymphocyte produce large amount of antibodies while some produce small amounts. What are the names of these two cells

A

Large amount - plasma cells

Small amount - memory cells

18
Q

Memory cells are expressed where

A

Surface of the b lymphocyte as a receptor

19
Q

T lymphocytes display what on their surface that behave like what

A

Display proteins that behave like antibodies

20
Q

However why are the proteins on the t lymphocytes not true antibodies

A

The proteins are not secreted, they bind to antigens that are on the surface of abnormal cells

21
Q

T lymphocytes are directed to what instead of free antigens

A

Tissue cells

22
Q

Name the 2 types of cells that process and display antigens on their surfaces for T lymphocytes to detect

A

Antigen presenting cells/APCs and Abnormal cells

23
Q

APCs do what

A

Phagocytise leukocytes which present fragments of antigens on their surfaces for the T lymphocyte to detect

24
Q

T lymphocytes that react with

1) APCs are what
2) Abnormal cells are what

A

1) Helper T (Th) cells

2) Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells/ Killer T cells

25
Q

Activated Th cells stimulate what

A

Activities of other lymphocytes by synthesising a special class of regulatory (hormone like) compounds known as CYTOKINES/LYMPHOKINES

26
Q

Is immune response different from a primary, non specific inflammatory response?

A

Yes

27
Q

How many responses are there for tH cells

A

2

28
Q

Describe th1 response

A

Participate in cell mediated immunity. Controlling intracellular pathogens viruses and bacteria

29
Q

Describe th2 response

A

Provide help for B cells so for hummoral immunity.

30
Q

Antibodies are needed to control what

A

Extra cellular, blood and body fluids

31
Q

Activated Tc cells physically attack what

A

Cell membrane of abnormal cells causing the cell to lyse and die

32
Q

Sub populations of T cells could become what

A

Memory cells

33
Q

So Th cells can produce either immunity. Attack on infected cells or secretion of antibodies

A

Lol

34
Q

Name 4 autoimmune diseases

A

MS, Diabetes 1, Rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus SLE

35
Q

Describe what the immune system attacks for MS and SLE

A

Ms - myelin on axons of nerves

SLE - Whole body causing red rash on face

Human Biology (63 decks)

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