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Human Biology > Lymphatic system > Flashcards

Lymphatic system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The rate of flow of fluid is dependant on what

A

blood pressure within the capillaries

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2
Q

The higher the flow of fluid the greater or smaller the leakage

A

greater

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3
Q

Swollen limbs and extremities are caused by what

A

result of high blood pressures

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4
Q

A signficant portion of fluid that has not been reabsorbed by capillaries remains where and as what

A

within the tissues as interstitial fluid

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5
Q

A large accumulation of interstitial fluid is called what

A

oedema

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6
Q

What are lymphatic vessels

A

drainage system of special blind-ended capillary structures

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7
Q

what is the function of lymphatic system via the vessels

A

return the extracellular fluid to the blood stream

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8
Q

What is the fluid within the lymphatic vessels called

A

Lymph

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9
Q

Are the lymphatic vessels or blood capillaries more permeable

A

Lymphatic vessels

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10
Q

How are lymphatic capillaries similar to blood capillaries

A

one layer of endothelium

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11
Q

How do the endothelial cells in the lymphatic capillaries combine

A

overlap to forms flap like mini valves

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12
Q

What is the need for cellular overlapping in the lymphatic capillaries

A

To maintain the amount of fluid inside the capillary. So when the volume of lymph increases, the internal pressure forces the flaps to close

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13
Q

Where are the highly specialised lymphatic capillaries called lacteals located

A

small intestine

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14
Q

Why is the lymph from lacteals milky as opposed to clear?

A

Fat is present as the lacteals absorb fats from the diet

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15
Q

what is fat filled lymph from lacteals called

A

chyle

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16
Q

Lymphatic vessels converge into larger vessels called what

A

Lymphatic ducts

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17
Q

Name the 2 major lymphatic ducts

A

Right and thoracic

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18
Q

The right lymphatic duct does what

A

collects lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and chest

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19
Q

The thoracic duct does what

A

collects lymph from the rest of the body

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20
Q

The 2 major lymphatic ducts drain lymph directly back into what

A

major veins located above the heart

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21
Q

What 4 things are required to move lymph through the vessels (similar to blood transportation) to propel lymph towards the bloodstream for recycling

A

1) contraction of skeletal muscles 2) breathing 3) small valves to prevent backflow 4) smooth muscle cells located in walls of ducts which contract in rhythmic manner

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22
Q

Swelling of lymphoid tissues is caused by what

A

increase in permeability of blood vessels at sites of inflammation

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23
Q

Cancerous cells that have broken free of solid tumors can end up in lymphatic vessels and be transported to other parts of the body, this is called what

A

metastasis which can give rise to secondary tumors

24
Q

What are lymph nodes

A

small filter units through which lymph travels before returning to blood stream

25
Q

Lymph nodes contain what type of defence cells known as what

A

phagocytic known as macrophages

26
Q

Macrophages are derived from what

A

Phagocytes

27
Q

How are macrophages and lymph correlated

A

macrophages engulf and digest forein materials as the lymph fluid passes through the node

28
Q

Lymph nodes contain an abundance of what arganular leukocyte

A

Lymphocytes

29
Q

what do lymphocytes do

A

produce appropriate antigens to the foreign material encountered in the lymph fluid

30
Q

Each lymph node is surrounded by what

A

dense fibrous capsule

31
Q

what are lymphoid organs

A

where permanent lymphoid tissues reside

32
Q

Name 8 examples of lymphoid organs

A

spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes, peyers patches (found in small intestine), liver, appendix, bone marrow

33
Q

Most lympoid organs are encapsulated with what

A

outer layer of CT

34
Q

What are lymph nodules

A

non encapsulated lymphoid tissue

35
Q

Tissues next to epithelial lining of the digestive tract and respiratory system become filled with what

A

islands of lymph nodules

36
Q

The appendix has an abundance of what

A

lymph nodules in its wall

37
Q

Appendictis and tonsillitis result when what happens

A

when appendix and tonsils become inflammed in response to infection with bacteria

38
Q

Name the 4 sets of tonsils

A

palatine, lingual, pharyngeal and tubal

39
Q

where is the palatine tonsil located

A

back of the throat

40
Q

where is the pharyngeal tonsil located

A

back of the nose

41
Q

where is the tubal tonsil located

A

around openings of the auditory tubes into the back of the throat

42
Q

Where does the spleen sit

A

under left side of the stomach

43
Q

What 4 things is the spleen the site for

A

1) storage of breakdown products of RBCs 2) storage of blood platelets (for clotting) 3)Lymphocyte proliferation/immune surveillance 4) Reservoir for blood

44
Q

Where is the thymus located

A

above the heart

45
Q

The thymus is the site for what

A

t lymphocyte maturation

46
Q

Describe what happens in t lymphocyte maturation

A

thymus secretes hormones (thymopoietin and thymosin) to activate T-lymphocytes in an immune response

47
Q

Describe how the thymus is in infants and then in adults

A

large in infants but then the thymic tissue is replaced with connective fat tissue as adult gets older

48
Q

How does the action of breathing help the movement of lymph

A

creates a pressure gradient in the chest cavity

49
Q

Within the lymph node, follicles in the cortex are the site of what

A

B Lymphocytes

50
Q

Within the lymph node, deeper cortex is the site of what

A

T lymphocytes in transit

51
Q

Within the lymph node, the medulla is the site of what

A

macrophages

52
Q

Name the 5 steps of phagocytosis by a macrophage

A

chemotaxis > adherence > ingestion > digestion > killing

53
Q

What virus causes cold sores and genital herpes

A

HSV Herpes simplex virus

54
Q

What virus causes chicken pox and shingles

A

VZV Varicella zoster

55
Q

What virus causes glandular fever

A

EBV Epstein Barr

56
Q

Herpesviruses have what in terms of structure

A

envelope and contain a double stranded DNA genome

Human Biology (63 decks)

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